1. Age of Absolutism

2. Spain Philip II – Married Mary Tudor – Hardworking, devout and ambitious – Absolute ruler: Complete authority over the gov’t and the lives of the people Divine right: believed his authority to rule came directly from God

3. Philip II Guardian of the Catholic Church – Turn back rising Protestants – Turned Inquisition a/g Protestants and heretics

4. Philip II Many wars to advance power – a/g Ottomans – Rebels in the Netherlands Northern provinces of Netherlands declared their independence from Spain

5. Philip II Armada sails a/g England – Elizabeth I: Enemy #1 Supported the Dutch a/g Spain Prepared a huge armada (fleet) to invade- outmaneuvered by English ships

6. France Wars of religion Catholic majority vs. Huguenots (Protestants) St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – Royal wedding; massacre of 3,000 Huguenots

7. Henry IV Huguenot prince; inherited throne – Eventually converted to Catholicism – Edict of Nantes: Religious toleration for Huguenots

8. Cardinal Richelieu Henry IV killed by an assassin – Richelieu appointed as chief minister Destroy power of Huguenots & nobles Hand-picked his successor

9. Louis XIV The Fronde – Nobles, merchants, peasants & urban poor re belled to protest royal power & preserve their own Rioters drove the boy king from his palace – Resolved to take complete control over the government

10. Louis XIV Believed in divine right to rule – “Sun king” – Did not call Estates General one time – Strongest army in Europe – Expanded bureaucracy Appointed intendants (royal officials who collected taxes, etc.)

11. Louis XIV Financial minister: Jean- Baptiste Colbert – Mercantilist policies New lands cleared for farming, encouraged mining and industry, built luxury trading Fostered overseas colonies – Regulated trade with colonies

12. Versailles P. 512

13. Decline of Louis XIV Costly wars Balance of power among Euro nations War of the Spanish Succession Revoked Edict of Nantes – Huguenots fled from France Blow to French economy

14. Parliament Triumphs in England Tudors work w/ Parliament – Believed in divine right, but listened to Parliament Monarch = head of Church of England

15. Stuart Kings James I – Claimed absolute power and divine right – Dissolved Parliament and collected taxes on his own – Clashed with dissenters (Protestants who differed from the Church of England) – Puritans- “purify”

16. Stuart Kings Charles I – Absolute monarch – Imprisoned people w/o trial; taxed like crazy – Forced to summon Parliament Sign Petition of Right- can’t raise taxes w/o Parliament’s consent – Signed, but ignored for 11 years – Trying to revive Catholic practices?

17. Stuart Kings Charles I (still) Long Parliament: lasted from 1640-1653 on&off – Tried & executed chief ministers Charles I led troops into the House of Commons to arrest people Civil War: 1642-1651 – Parliament won

18. Stuart Kings Cavaliers (supporters of Charles I) vs. Roundheads (revolutionaries) – Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell Skilled general- army composed of skill Defeated Cavaliers; captured King by 1647

19. Stuart Kings Put Charles I on trial – Condemned him to death Shock waves through Europe – First time a ruling monarch had been tried & executed by his own people – No ruler could claim absolute power and ignore the law

20. Cromwell and the Commonwealth Abolished monarchy England = republic (known as Commonwealth) – Leader = Oliver Cromwell – Social revolution: Puritans More strict Education improved Religious freedom for other Protestant groups- welcomed Jews

21. Stuart Kings Charles II – Reopened & reestablished – Accepted Petition of Right – Religious toleration Avoided mistakes

22. Stuart Kings James II – Charles’s brother Practiced Catholicism openly Angered subjects Feared he would restore Catholic Church

23. Glorious Revolution 1688- Parliament invited William III of Orange and Mary (James’s Protestant daughter) to rule England – James II fled to France Bloodless overthrow of the king