1. Plant Structure And Growth

2. The Plant Body is Composed of Cells and Tissues
Tissue systems (Like Organs)
made up of tissues
Made up of cells

3. Plant Tissue Systems ____________________ ___________________
photosynthesis
storage
support
conduction
___________________
Covering
Ground Tissue System
Vascular Tissue System
Kind of like Organs in an animal
Dermal Tissue System

4. Ground Tissue System Parenchyma ___________ Tissue Collenchyma Tissue
Sclerenchyma Tissue

5. Parenchyma Tissue Living Made up of Parenchyma Cells __________ Cells
Primary Walls
Functions
photosynthesis
storage
Living

6. Collenchyma Tissue Made up of Collenchyma Cells Living Cells
Primary Walls are thickened
Function
_Support_____

7. Sclerenchyma Tissue Fibers Sclerids Made up of Sclerenchyma Cells
Usually Dead
Primary Walls and secondary walls that are thickened (lignin)
_________ or _________
Function
Support
Fibers
Sclerids

8. Vascular Tissue System
Xylem – H2O
___________
Vessel Elements
Phloem - Food
Sieve-tube Members
__________
Tracheids
Companion Cells

9. Xylem Tracheids dead at maturity
pits - water moves through pits from cell to cell
Vessel Elements
perforations - water moves directly from cell to cell

10. Phloem Sieve-tube members Companion Cells _____________
alive at maturity
lack nucleus
Sieve plates - on end to transport food
helps control sieve-tube member cell
Sieve-tube member
Companion Cells
Companion Cell (on the side)

11. Dermal Tissue System Epidermis ___________ – Periderm
Single layer, tightly packed cells
Complex Tissue – Does different things in different areas (roots vs. leaves)
usually transparent
secretes cuticle
___________ –
replaces epidermis in woody plants
protection
Periderm

12. Plant Systems Root System Shoot System ____________ Tap Root
Lateral Roots
Stems
Nodes (leaves are attached)
Internodes
Leaves
blades
petioles
Buds
Terminal (apical)
Axillary
Shoot System
Plant Systems

13. Plant Growth Meristematic ______________ Tissue
generates cells for new growth (like stem cells in animals)
apical meristems
lateral meristems

14. Apical Meristems increases length called primary growth
___________ - gives rise to dermal tissue
________________- gives rise to ground tissue
_____________ - gives rise to vascular tissue
Protoderm
Ground Meristem
Procambium

15. Lateral Meristems increases girth called secondary growth
__________________- produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
______________- produces cork (outer most layer of bark)
Vascular Cambium
Cork Cambium

16. Pine Tree w/ 8 Cotyledons!

17. The Root System Functions Systems Tap roots Fibrous roots anchor plant
absorb minerals, water and nutrients
store food
Systems
____________ - one large root with smaller lateral roots (dicots)
____________- threadlike roots (monocots)
Tap roots
Fibrous roots

18. Root Structure Four Regions
_________– protection, also secrete polysaccharide slime to lubricate
Region of ___________- new cells
Region of __________ - cells get longer
Region of _________ - cells begin to specialize
Root Cap
Cell Division
Elongation
Maturation

20. Root Tissue Stele Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis
Ground Meristem
Cortex (external to vascular tissue)
Procambium - gives rise to the _______ (the vascular tissue of a root or stem)
xylem and phloem
may include pith (parenchyma cells surrounded by vascular tissue)
Stele

21. Dicot Root vs. Monocot Xylem (larger, in red) Endodermis
Phloem (smaller, greenish)
Pericycle – one layer IN from endoderm, gives rise to lateral roots
“Pith” – central core of parenchyma cells surrounded by xylem and phloem

22. Modified Roots Food Storage Pnematophores Aerial Roots Water Storage
carrots, sweet potatoes, yams
Water Storage
pumpkin family
Propagative Roots
cherries, pears
Pnematophores
mangroves
Aerial Roots
orchids
Buttress Roots
tropical trees
Haustoria
dodder

23. Shoot System

24. The Shoot System Made up of Stems, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits
Stems - support, conduction, growth
Leaves - photosynthesis
Flowers - pollination
Fruits - seed protection, dispersal

25. Stems (Primary Growth)
Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis
Procambium - gives rise to the stele
xylem and phloem in vascular bundles
dicots - found in ring
monocots - scattered throughout
includes “pith” in dicots
Ground Meristem
Cortex

26. ____________– stele (vascular tissue) divided into strands in stems and leaves
Vascular Bundle
Sclerenchyma cells
Phloem
Xylem

27. Dicot Stem Vs. Monocot (35.16)
Vascular Bundle
Ground Tissue
(Pith)
(Cortex)
How can you tell root from stem?

28. Stems (Secondary Growth)
Occurs to increase girth (thickness)
Vascular Cambium
produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
Cork Cambium
produces cork and phelloderm (thin layer of parenchyma cells)
together these structures are called periderm (Cork Cambium, cork, phelloderm)

29. Secondary Growth
Derivative
Vascular cambium

31. Secondary Growth of a Stem

32. Secondary Growth of a Stem (Inside to Outside)
Secondary Phloem
Primary Phloem
Cortex
Phelloderm
Cork Cambium
Cork (outer layer of bark)
Pith
Primary Xylem
Secondary Xylem (wood)
Vascular Cambium
Periderm

33. Older, inner layers of 2° Xylem – no longer transport water
Younger, outer layers of 2° Xylem still function in transport
All tissue outside vascular cambium
Missing cortex and phelloderm!

35. ___________ (Early) growth occurs more
quickly. Cells are large and thin
walled and have less strength.
Summerwood (Late) growth occurs more slowly. Cells are thicker, more dense, and stronger.
Springwood

36. Secondary Growth of a Stem

37. Modified Stems Stolons Cladophylls
__________ - horizontal stems above the ground (strawberries)
Rhizomes - horizontal stems below the ground (Irises)
Tubers - swollen areas of rhizomes or stolons (Potatoes)
Bulbs & Corms - vertical shoots under ground (onions, garlic w/ mod storage leaves)
_____________ - cactus pads
Cladophylls

38. Leaf Structure

39. Leaves Epidermis Mesophyll - middle of leaf
__________ - openings on underside of leaf
Guard Cells - surround stomata
Cuticle - waxy coating excreted by epidermis
Mesophyll - middle of leaf
___________ - photosynthesis
Spongy layer - gas exchange
Stomata
Palisade Layer

40. Modified Leaves Tendrils ___________- attachment
Bracts –modified leaves that surround a group of flowers
Spines - protection
Storage Leaves - succulents