1. 1 WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE By Michele Colucci www.colucci.euwww.colucci.eu - info@colucci.eu info@colucci.eu www.colucci.euinfo@colucci.eu University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Spring Semester 2008

2. 2 Something to think about... The goal of those involved in professional sports, Whitman says, is to win – now and at virtually any cost. The financial and social benefits gained from on-field success and the rapidly diminishing time window for athletes to achieve that success contribute to a modern sports culture that emphasizes the ends over the means – victory over integrity! Josh Whitman, 2008

3. 3 DOPING Definition: the use and abuse of performance enhancing substances in elite sport. Definition: the use and abuse of performance enhancing substances in elite sport. Derivation: from the Dutch word dop, a beverage that Zulu warriors used prior to battle. Derivation: from the Dutch word dop, a beverage that Zulu warriors used prior to battle. Term became current ~ start of 20 th century in reference to illegal drugging of racehorses Term became current ~ start of 20 th century in reference to illegal drugging of racehorses

4. 4 DOPING - History Egyptian slaves fed elixirs (likely from khat leaves) thought to relieve stress Egyptian slaves fed elixirs (likely from khat leaves) thought to relieve stress Slaves of the Incas worked better after chewing coca leaves Slaves of the Incas worked better after chewing coca leaves A century ago, marathoners & cyclists used strychnine, and cyclists used caffeine, cocaine, and even alcohol for an advantage. A century ago, marathoners & cyclists used strychnine, and cyclists used caffeine, cocaine, and even alcohol for an advantage.

5. 5 DOPING - History 1928 – IAAF bans doping (use of stimulants) 1928 – IAAF bans doping (use of stimulants) 1966 – FIFA (football) & UCI (cycling) introduce drug testing at championships 1968 – drug testing first used in Olympic Games 1968 – drug testing first used in Olympic Games 1976 – IOC bans anabolic steroids 1976 – IOC bans anabolic steroids 1979 – testing for illegal drugs by IOC begins 1979 – testing for illegal drugs by IOC begins 1986 – IOC bans blood doping 1986 – IOC bans blood doping 1999 – World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) founded 1999 – World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) founded 2000 - first Olympics testing for EPO 2000 - first Olympics testing for EPO

6. 6 Motivations for Use of DOPING To enhance performance To enhance performance –Increased strength, endurance, alertness, aggression –Decreased reaction time, fatigue, anxiety, muscle tremor Belief that others are using PES (performance enhancing substances) Belief that others are using PES (performance enhancing substances) Coping with pain and injury rehabilitation Coping with pain and injury rehabilitation

7. 7 Prevention of DOPING Acknowledge that athletes use PES Acknowledge that athletes use PES Education about PES at all levels Education about PES at all levels –Education of athletes, coaches, parents, public Marketing to sell the concept of clean sports and condemnation of PES use Marketing to sell the concept of clean sports and condemnation of PES use Penalties – financial and no-compete Penalties – financial and no-compete Appeal to Ethics Appeal to Ethics Attention to athletes non-sports issues Attention to athletes non-sports issues

8. 8 World Anti-Doping Agency WADA is responsible for: –The World Anti-Doping Program, including the World Anti- Doping Code –Worldwide out of comp testing program –Research –Education and Ethics –Independent Observers

9. 9 The World Anti-Doping Program Purpose: To protect athletes fundamental right to participate in doping-free sport. To protect athletes fundamental right to participate in doping-free sport. To ensure harmonised, coordinated and effective anti- doping programs. To ensure harmonised, coordinated and effective anti- doping programs.

10. 10 The WADA Code The purpose of the Code is to ensure the fight against drugs in sport is intensified, accelerated, harmonised and unified.The purpose of the Code is to ensure the fight against drugs in sport is intensified, accelerated, harmonised and unified. Dick Pound, WADA President – March 2003

11. 11 Structure of the WADP Level 1 – The Code itself Level 1 – The Code itself Level 2 - International Standards Level 2 - International Standards Level 3 – Models of Best Practice Level 3 – Models of Best Practice

12. 12 The Code Harmonisation of doping rules will level the playing field. Harmonisation of doping rules will level the playing field. Principles-based document. Principles-based document. Includes rules and responsibilities. Includes rules and responsibilities.

13. 13 The Code PART 1 – DOPING CONTROL PART 2 – EDUCATION AND RESEARCH PART 3 – ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES PART 4 – ACCEPTANCE AND COMPLIANCE

14. 14 International Standards Standard for The Prohibited List. Standard for The Prohibited List. Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions. Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions. Standard for Testing Standard for Testing Standard for Laboratories. Standard for Laboratories.

15. 15 Models of Best Practice Being prepared by WADA & tailored to stakeholder needs. Being prepared by WADA & tailored to stakeholder needs. Compliant with the Code and International Standards. Compliant with the Code and International Standards. Not mandatory - provide alternatives from which stakeholders may select. Not mandatory - provide alternatives from which stakeholders may select. –Model Rules of Best Practice for IFs are available on the WADA website.

16. 16 Acceptance of the Code –At the World Conference on Doping in Sport in Copenhagen, 5 March 2003. –Accepted by all major sports federations, key stakeholders and 60 Government. –New Revised Code (entry into force: January 1, 2009)

17. 17 Key Issues under the Code DOPING CONTROL Anti-Doping Rule Violations Anti-Doping Rule Violations Mandatory Sanctions Mandatory Sanctions The List The List Therapeutic Use Therapeutic Use Athlete Whereabouts Athlete Whereabouts WADA Clearinghouse WADA Clearinghouse

18. 18 Key Issues – the Code Key Issues – the Code The Definition of Doping The Definition of Doping –Anti-doping rule violations: –Current Violations (presence of, use, refusals): –New violations: relating to athlete whereabouts. relating to athlete whereabouts. Evasions Evasions Admissions under attempted use Admissions under attempted use –Improved provisions for: Trafficking, possession, administration etc. Trafficking, possession, administration etc.

19. 19 SANCTIONS Basic sanctions for a 1st and 2nd offence –Mandatory 2 years and life unless exceptional circumstances apply. Exceptional Circumstances Provide for a sanction to be waived/reduced if no fault/no significant fault can be established. Lesser penalties for specified substances Sanctions for other A-D rule violations.

20. 20 ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS & CORRESPONDING SANCTIONS CONSEQUENCES: –Positive Test Result –For Teams –PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY

21. 21 VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS For Prohibited Substances and Methods: For Prohibited Substances and Methods: –The presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites in a specimen. –Use or attempted use, including admissions. –Possession. – First violation: 2 years – Second violation: lifetime, – However exceptional circumstances clause may be invoked.

22. 22 VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS For Specified Substances: For Specified Substances: –Substances susceptible to inadvertent doping. – First violation: At a minimum, a warning and reprimand and no period of ineligibility from future Events, and at a maximum, 1 year – Second violation: 2 years – Third violation: Lifetime – Exceptional circumstances may apply.

23. 23 VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS Refusing or failing to commit to sample collection, including evasion. Refusing or failing to commit to sample collection, including evasion. Tampering. Tampering. – First violation: 2 years – Second violation: lifetime – Exceptional circumstances may apply.

24. 24 VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS Trafficking Trafficking Administration of Prohibited Substances or Methods. Administration of Prohibited Substances or Methods. Assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up Assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up – First violation: minimum 4 years up to a lifetime of ineligibility –Athlete support personnel who violate non-sporting laws may be reported to authorities.

25. 25 VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS Failure to provide required whereabouts information Failure to provide required whereabouts information Missed tests which are declared based on reasonable rules Missed tests which are declared based on reasonable rules May either be intentional or negligent conduct of the Athlete May either be intentional or negligent conduct of the Athlete –First violation: minimum 3 months and at a maximum 2 years –Subsequent period established in anti-doping organisations rules

26. 26 CONSEQUENCES OF A POSITIVE TEST RESULT At competition and multi-race events At competition and multi-race events Automatic disqualification of the results Automatic disqualification of the results Disqualified from all events, eg at Olympics. Disqualified from all events, eg at Olympics. For teams For teams One team member in a Team Sport: Target Testing for the Event One team member in a Team Sport: Target Testing for the Event More than one team member: subject to disqualification or other disciplinary action More than one team member: subject to disqualification or other disciplinary action

27. 27 PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY Starts on the date of the hearing decision, or if justified at an earlier date, and athlete: Starts on the date of the hearing decision, or if justified at an earlier date, and athlete: Should not participate in any capacity Should not participate in any capacity Some or all sport-related financial support or other sport-related benefits withheld Some or all sport-related financial support or other sport-related benefits withheld Mutual Recognition Mutual Recognition Available for out of competition testing Available for out of competition testing Provide whereabouts information Provide whereabouts information

28. 28 The Prohibited List Single list, based on evidence and research. Single list, based on evidence and research. 2 of 3 criteria must be satisfied for inclusion. 2 of 3 criteria must be satisfied for inclusion. –Performance Enhancing –Pose unnecessary risk of harm –Violate the spirit of sport Exemptions are not permitted but IF can recommend additions to the basic List Exemptions are not permitted but IF can recommend additions to the basic List

29. 29 Key Issues Key Issues Therapeutic Use Exemption Permission to use, for therapeutic purposes, drugs which are otherwise prohibited in sporting competition Permission to use, for therapeutic purposes, drugs which are otherwise prohibited in sporting competition

30. 30 Therapeutic Use Exemption Standard Mandatory Mandatory Criteria and process for TUE Criteria and process for TUE Retrospectivity – emergency medical treatment Retrospectivity – emergency medical treatment IF/NF Responsibilities IF/NF Responsibilities

31. 31 Athlete Whereabouts Athletes are responsible for providing correct and accurate whereabouts information to the responsible organisation. Failure to do so amounts to an anti-doping rule violation under the Code. WADA is the central Clearing House for all doping control information.

32. 32 Other Key Points under the Code Testing & Analysis Testing & Analysis Results Management Results Management Right to a Fair Hearing & Appeals Right to a Fair Hearing & Appeals National/international level athletes National/international level athletes Roles and Responsibilities Roles and Responsibilities Acceptance and Implementation Acceptance and Implementation

33. 33 Testing Standards Ensure that athletes are tested in the same manner wherever they are Ensure that athletes are tested in the same manner wherever they are Maintain the integrity, identity, and security of samples. Maintain the integrity, identity, and security of samples.

34. 34 Standards Standards Testing Standards Planning of testing Planning of testing Selection of athletes Selection of athletes Notification of athletes Notification of athletes Sample collection Sample collection Transport of samples. Transport of samples.

35. 35 Standards Laboratory accreditation standard –Ensure a world wide system where results may apply across boundaries. –Achieve uniform results and reporting standards.

36. 36 Key Points Results Management Results Management Right to a Fair Hearing Right to a Fair Hearing Appeals Appeals

37. 37 Key Points National/International Level Athletes –Different requirements re: TUEs TUEs Registered Testing Pools Registered Testing Pools Appeals Appeals

38. 38 Clarification of Responsibilities Coordination of Testing & Results Coordination of Testing & Results –Event testing – only 1 organisation initiates and directs tests at events –Out-Of-Competition Testing – WADA coordinates Mutual recognition – testing, TUE, hearings and appeals: recognised and respected by all signatories Mutual recognition – testing, TUE, hearings and appeals: recognised and respected by all signatories

39. 39 EDUCATION & RESEARCH –Each anti-doping organisation should plan, implement and monitor information and education programs, at a minimum on: Substances & methods on the Prohibited List Health consequences of doping Doping Control procedures Athletes' rights and responsibilities

40. 40 Roles and Responsibilities Roles and Responsibilities –Relationship between the NF & IF. NF will interact with the Code through IF. IF is now clearly responsible for ensuring consistent response from the NF. –Harmonisation of rules Vertical uniformity will ensure that athletes are not subject to different rules within the same sport. –Recognition of athletes and their support personnel.

41. 41 Acceptance & Compliance Acceptance & Compliance Acceptance and implementation of the Code Each IF shall accept and implement the Code on or before Athens Olympic Games. Consequences of non-compliance By a government or NOC, shall result in consequences with respect to the Olympic Games, World champs or major events.

42. 42 THE FIGHT AGAINST DOPING IN THE USA The Mitchell report (December 2007)...beyond simple recommendations... The Mitchell report (December 2007)...beyond simple recommendations... The minority of players who used (performance enhancing) substances were wrong. They violated federal law and baseball policy, and they distorted the fairness of competition by trying to gain an unfair advantage over the majority of players who followed the law and the rules. They – the players who follow the law and the rules – are faced with the painful choice of either being placed at a competitive disadvantage or becoming illegal users themselves. No one should have to make that choice.

43. 43 In doping, the war is never won Juan Antonio Samaranch former IOC president