1. Plant Tissues

2.  Volcano is located in southwestern Washington state  In 1980 it erupted, blowing 500 million metric tons of rock and ash outward  Ash and lava devastated about 40,500 acres of what had been forest

3.  Plants moved into the empty habitat almost immediately  Fireweed and blackberry were early colonists  In less than ten years, willow and alders were on the scene

4.  The angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants  In terms of distribution and diversity, they are the most successful plants on Earth  The structure and function of this plant group help explain its success

5.  Shoots  Produce food by photosynthesis  Carry out reproductive functions  Roots  Anchor the plant  Penetrate the soil and absorb water and dissolved minerals  Store food

6. Shoot Apical Meristem primary meristems active epidermis, ground tissues, primary vascular tissues forming primary meristems active Root Apical Meristem Fig. 29-3a, p.494

7. Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium epidermis ground tissues primary vascular tissues a The cellular descendants of apical meristems divide, grow, and differentiate. They form three primary meristems, the activity of which lengthens shoots and roots: Fig. 29-3a1, p.494

8. vascular cambium cork cambium Lateral Meristems thickening Fig. 29-3b, p.494

9. VASCULAR TISSUES GROUND TISSUES SHOOT SYSTEM ROOT SYSTEM EPIDERMIS  Ground tissue system  Vascular tissue system  Dermal tissue system Fig. 29-2, p.494

10. Parallel veins Netlike veins 3 pores 1 pore 4 or 5 floral parts 3 floral parts 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons Vascular bundles dispersed Vascular bundles in ring

11. Made up of only one type of cell Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

12.  Most of a plant’s soft primary growth  Pliable, thin walled, many sided cells  Cells remain alive at maturity and retain capacity to divide  Mesophyll is a type that contains chloroplasts

13. stem epidermis simple and complex tissues inside the stem parenchyma vessel of xylem phloem fibers of sclerenchyma Fig. 29-6, p.496

14.  Specialized for support for primary tissues  Makes stems strong but pliable  Cells are elongated  Walls thickened with pectin  Alive at maturity

15.  Supports mature plant parts  Protects many seeds  Thick, lignified walls  Dead at maturity  Two types:  Fibers: Long, tapered cells  Sclereids: Stubbier cells

16. collenchymaparenchymalignified secondary wall Fig. 29-7, p.496

17. Composed of a mix of cell types Xylem Phloem Epidermis

18.  Conducts water and dissolved minerals  Conducting cells are dead and hollow at maturity vessel member tracheids

19. one cell’s wall pit in wall sieve plate of sieve tube cell companion cell ab c Fig. 29-8, p.497

20.  Transports sugars  Main conducting cells are sieve- tube members  Companion cells assist in the loading of sugars sieve plate sieve-tube member companion cell

21.  Covers and protects plant surfaces  Secretes a waxy, waterproof cuticle  In plants with secondary growth, periderm replaces epidermis

22. leaf surfacecuticleepidermal cell photosynthetic cell Fig. 29-9, p.497

23.  Regions where cell divisions produce plant growth  Apical meristems  Lengthen stems and roots  Responsible for primary growth  Lateral meristems  Increase width of stems  Responsible for secondary growth

24. activity at meristems new cells elongate and start to differentiate into primary tissues activity at meristems new cells elongate and start to differentiate into primary tissues Root apical meristem Shoot apical meristem

25. immature leaf shoot apical meristem lateral bud forming vascular tissues pith cortex Fig. 29-10a2, p.498

26. immature leaf shoot apical meristem descendant meristems (orange) b Sketch of the shoot tip, corresponding to (a) Fig. 29-10b, p.498

27. Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium Epidermis Ground tissue Primary vascular tissue

28.  Increase girth of older roots and stems  Cylindrical arrays of cells vascular cambium cork cambium thickening Figure 29.20.a Page 504

29. immature leaf ground meristem primary phloem primary xylem pith procambium cortex procambium protoderm shoot apical meristem procambium epidermis Figure 29.10 Page 498

30. immature leaf shoot apical meristem descendant meristems (orange) Stepped Art Fig. 29-10b-d, p.498 primary phloem primary xylem pith cortex

31. Vascular cambium Cork cambium Secondary vascular tissue Periderm

32.  Outermost layer is epidermis  Cortex lies beneath epidermis  Ring of vascular bundles separates the cortex from the pith  The pith lies in the center of the stem Figure 29.11.a Page 499

33. The vascular bundles are distributed throughout the ground tissue No division of ground tissue into cortex and pith Figure 29.11.b Page 499

34. cortex epidermis vascular bundle pith vessel in xylem meristem cell sieve tube in phloem companion cell in phloem Fig. 29-11a, p.499

35. epidermis vascular bundle pith vessel in xylem collenchyma sheath sieve tube in phloem companion cell in phloem air space Fig. 29-11b, p.499

36. petiole blade axillary bud node blade sheath node DICOTMONOCOT Figure 29.12.a,b Page 500

37.  Leaves are usually thin  High surface area-to-volume ratio  Promotes diffusion of carbon dioxide in, oxygen out  Leaves are arranged to capture sunlight  Are held perpendicular to rays of sun  Arranged so they don’t shade one another

38. POPLAR (Populus) OAK (Quercus) MAPLE (Acer) leaflet RED BUCKEYE (Aesculus) BLACK LOCUST (Robina) HONEY LOCUST (Gleditsia) Fig. 29-12c,d, p.500

39. UPPER EPIDERMIS PALISADE MESOPHYLL SPONGY MESOPHYLL LOWER EPIDERMIS one stoma cuticle O2O2 CO 2 xylem phloem Figure 29.14.b Page 501

40. leaf blade leaf vein stem Leaf Vein (one vascular bundle) cuticle Upper Epidermis Lower Epidermis Palisade Mesophyll Spongy Mesophyll 50  m xylem phloem cuticle-coated cell of lower epidermis one stoma (opening across epidermia) Oxygen and water vapor diffuse out of leaf at stomata. Carbon dioxide in outside air enters leaf at stomata. Water, dissolved mineral ions from roots and stems move into leaf vein (blue arrow) Photosynthetic products (pink arrow) enter vein, will be transported throughout plant body Fig. 29-14, p.501

41.  A type of parenchyma tissue  Cells have chloroplasts  Two layers in dicots  Palisade mesophyll  Spongy mesophyll

42.  Xylem and phloem; often strengthened with fibers  In dicots, veins are netlike  In monocots, they are parallel

43. Fig. 29-15a, p.501 Leaf Veins

44. Fig. 29-15b, p.501 Leaf Veins

45. Taproot system of a California poppy Fibrous root system of a grass plant Figure 29.19 Page 503

46.  Root cap covers tip  Apical meristem produces the cap  Cell divisions at the apical meristem cause the root to lengthen  Farther up, cells differentiate and mature Figure 29.16.a Page 502

47.  Outermost layer is epidermis  Root cortex is beneath the epidermis  Endodermis, then pericycle surround the vascular cylinder  In some plants, there is a central pith

48. primary xylem primary phloem epidermis VASCULAR CYLINDER cortex pith Fig. 29-17, p.503

49.  Ring of cells surrounds vascular cylinder  Cell walls are waterproof  Water can only enter vascular cylinder by moving through endodermal cells  Allows plant to control inward flow

50.  Both increase the surface area of a root system  Root hairs are tiny extensions of epidermal cells  Lateral roots arise from the pericycle and must push through the cortex and epidermis to reach the soil new lateral root

51.  Occurs in all gymnosperms, some monocots, and many dicots  A ring of vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and phloem  Wood is the accumulation of these secondary tissues, especially xylem

52.  Fusiform initials give rise to secondary xylem and phloem  Ray initials give rise to horizontal rays of parenchyma

53. Fig. 29-20, p.504

54. Fig. 29-22, p.505 Woody Roots

55.  All tissues outside vascular cambium  Periderm  Cork  New parenchyma  Cork cambium  Secondary phloem

56. periderm (includes cork cambium, cork, new parenchyma) secondary phloem BARK vascular cambium HEARTWOODSAPWOOD Fig. 29-24a, p.507

57. 1587–15891606–1612 Fig. 29-27c, p.509 Annual Rings  Narrow annual rings mark severe drought years