2.  Scientific Revolution- AKA- “The Age of Reason”  Sci. Rev. = new way of examining the world logically  Began in 1600s. Height = mid-1700’s  Paved way for Enlightenment.

3. Geocentric Theory  Earth is the center of the universe  Idea came from Aristotle – Greek Philosopher  Ptolemy – Greek Astronomer expanded the theory  Christianity

4. Scientific Revolution  A new way of thinking about the natural world based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

5. Heliocentric Theory  The sun is the center of the universe  Polish cleric  Nicolaus Copernicus

6.  Tycho Brahe – recorded movements of the planets for years, lots of data and observations His assistant, Johannes Kepler continued his work, great mathematician

7. Galileo Galilei  Italian scientist & new theories about astronomy  Telescope  Starry Messenger – astronomy observations Jupiter had 4 moons Sun had dark spots Earth’s moon is rough & uneven Laws of Motions Supported Copernicus & shattered Aristotle

8. Conflicts with the Church  Galileo’s findings scared Catholics & Protestants  Went against church teachings & authority  Start questioning the church….  Galileo confessed agreeing with Copernicus, almost tortured, retraced his statement, and then was on house arrest for the rest of his life.

9. The Scientific Method  Thanks to Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo  Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas Problem or Question, from observation Hypothesis Experiment Analyze Data Theory

10. Francis Bacon  English statesman and writer, had a passionate interest in science  Attacked medieval scholars for relying on Aristotle  Urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions  EMIPIRICISM

11. Rene Descartes  Developed analytical geometry  Rejected old assumptions and teachings  Relied on mathematics and logic  “I think, therefore I am”

12. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity  Isaac Newton – English scientist  Single theory of motion  By 26, knew that all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces  Same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space  Law of Universal Gravitation The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them

13. Scientific Instruments  Zacharias Janssen Dutch maker of eyeglasses First microscope * Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings and examined red blood cells for the first time

14. Scientific Instruments  Evangelista Torricelli (1643) Galileo’s student First mercury barometer, a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass in 1714 Anders Celsius created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742

15. Medicine and the Human Body  Middle Ages – accepted the writings of Greek physician named Galen as fact  Compared humans to pigs – same anatomy?  Andreas Vesalius – proved Galen wrong  First to dissect human corpses and publish observations  Edward Jenner – created vaccine to prevent small pox

16. Discoveries in Chemistry  Robert Boyle – used scientific method in chemistry  Modern founder of chemistry, challenged Aristotle  Boyle’s Law – explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect one another.

17. 16) _____ believed that mathematical laws cause planets to move in elliptical orbits around the sun. 17) _____ was the first European to create the heliocentric theory. 18) _____ believed that all humans are naturally wicked and give government the power to control them by entering into a social contract. 19) _____ found scientific evidence with his telescope (moons of Jupiter, etc.) to prove that the heliocentric theory was correct. 20) _____ argued that the purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of people. If government fails to protect these natural rights, citizens have the right to over throw it. 21) ________ invented the scientific method. 22) _____ developed the theory of gravity based upon his own observations and then created the mathematics to describe it – calculus. All names will be used! A. Copernicus B. Galileo Galilei C. Johannes Kepler D. Rene Descartes E. Thomas Hobbes F. John Locke G. Francis Bacon H. Isaac Newton