1. Organic Chemistry (Chapter 3) Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.

2. Carbon Carbon’s 4 valence e- make if ideal for bonds: endless combinations of proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids Carbon forms the skeleton of most organic molecules Forms stable bonds! Diverse: Carbon chains vary in length and shape; can form chains or rings

3. Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

4. Some organic molecules

5. Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - the area that participates in chemical reactions Functional group is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way R = the remainder of the molecule, the carbon skeleton Pg 39

6. alcohols acids bases

7. The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right One carbon chain, single bonds; 2 functional groups Functional groups help determine function by determining bonds and therefore shapes of molecule.

8. You should know their base names: ALKANE consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds C- C- C -C -C ALKENE consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond C = C - C ALKYNE consists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond They are alphabetical: a, e, y 1, 2, 3 bonds

9. ISOMERS – molecules with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms

10. Careful, those words are so similar! Isotopes: atoms with same protons but different neutrons ex: Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 Ion: charges atom- lost or gained an electron Isomer: same molecular formula, different structure

12. What do these words mean?

13. Biological Macromolecule All biological macro-molecule are made up of a small number of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

14. Next Word…..

15. Polygons Polygamy Polyester

16. What does “Mono” mean?

17. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAINTHE CARS A NECKLACEEACH PEARL A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN A NECKLACE If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

18. Reaction Types Hydrolysis - break down compounds by adding water Dehydration - two components brought together, produces H2O Redox Rxn– electron transfer reactions Oxidation Involves Loss Reduction Involves Gain OIL RIG

19. MACROMOLECULES - Monomers link together to form polymers one unit many units Dehydration reaction – water is removed, joins monomers together Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into smaller units http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM Pg 40 in textbook

20. Dehydration- requires energy, releases water Hydrolysis- releases energy, requires water

21. 1.Why is carbon so important to organic molecules? 1.What is the significance of functional groups? 1.Name the 4 macromolecules. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY Bozeman

23. Some Molecules

24. MACROMOLECULES important to life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids This is bozeman, he knows stuff about biology and makes podcasts. He has podcasts for every topic we cover. It's amazing! http://www.educreations.com/lesson/view/identifying- macromolecules/1251981/?ref=link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY

25. 1. CARBOHYDRATESCHO monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose fructose, galactoseC 6 H 12 O 6 disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose, lactose, maltose polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides - starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) are energy storage polymers - cellulose & chitin are structural polymers Daily energy supply! pasta, potatoes, cereal, grains

27. animal plant

28. 2. Lipids C, H, O Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)* Fats* & Oils are made of subunits (monomers) – glycerol and fatty acids Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection Phospholipids - Important structural component of the cell membrane

29. Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings

30. Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature; Unsaturated fats have double bonds that “kink” the molecule, liquid at room temperature

31. Fats are the most concentrated energy source available to the body. Saturated fats: meats, cheese, somewhat unhealthy Unsaturated fats: healthy, found in plants Trans fats: very unhealthy fats Fats

33. Lipids and Fatty Acids

34. 3. ProteinsC, H, O, N Monomer: amino acids Two amino acids make a dipeptide Polymers: polypeptides which are joined by peptide bonds Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue Support, Enzymes, Transport, Defense, Hormones, Motion

37. Proteins have four shapes 1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain 2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet) 3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous) 4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

38. Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality (More on enzymes later) - all but primary structure is easily destroyed There are 20 known amino acids

39. Proteins https://www.youtube.com/v/w-ctkPUUpUc

40. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Monomer: nucleotide Polymers: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid) Each nucleotide consists of: 1. A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) 2. A phosphate 3. A nitrogen base - adenine - thymine - guanine - cytosine - uracil (in RNA)

42. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains two phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)

43. MATCHING a. carbohydrate b. lipids c. protein d. nucleic acids 1. contains adenine and thymine 2. lactose 3. chains of amino acids 4. long term energy storage 5. cholesterol 6. chains of fatty acids and glycerol 7. plant cell walls