1. Chapter 14 Information System Development

2. Chapter 14 Objectives
Explain the phases in the system development life cycle
Describe how structured tools such as entity-relationship diagrams and dataflow diagrams are used in analysis and design
Identify the guidelines for system development
Recognize the responsibilities of various IT professionals
Differentiate between packaged software and custom software
Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, data and information gathering techniques, and documentation
Identify program development as part of the system development life cycle
Discuss techniques used to convert to a new system
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Understand how IT professionals support an information system
p.14.2

3. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
What is an information system (IS)?
Set of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce information
System
Set of components that interact to achieve common goal
Businesses use many types of systems
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p.14.2

4. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
What is the system development life cycle (SDLC)?
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p Fig. 14-1

5. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
What are guidelines for system development?
Divide activities or tasks into phases
Involve users
Develop standards
Sets of rules and procedures company expects employees to accept and follow
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6. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
Who participates in the system development life cycle?
data comm specialist
steering committee
programmers
users
vendors
Webmaster
systems
analyst
network engineer
other system analysts
data warehouse specialist
management
database specialist
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p Fig. 14-2

7. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
What is a systems analyst?
Responsible for designing and developing information system
Liaison between users and IT professionals
Converts user requests into technical specifications
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8. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
What is the project team?
Formed to work on project from beginning to end
Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals
Project leader
Manages and controls project budget and schedule
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p.14.5

9. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
What is project management?
Process of planning, scheduling, and then controlling activities during SDLC
responsibilities of project manager
Establish goal, objectives, and expectations of the project, called the scope
List required activities
Determine time for each activity
Give cost estimates for each activity
Order activities
List activities that can take place at the same time
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p.14.5

10. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
What is a Gantt chart?
Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project activities
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p.14.5 Fig. 14-3

11. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
What is feasibility?
Measure of how suitable system development will be to company
four feasibility tests
Operational feasibility
Schedule feasibility
Technical feasibility
Economic feasibility
also called cost/benefit feasibility
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p.14.6

12. What is the System Development Life Cycle?
What are six data and information gathering techniques?
Review documentation
Observe
Questionnaire
One-on-one interview
Joint (JAD) interview session
Research
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13. What Initiates the System Development Life Cycle?
What are some reasons to create or modify an information system?
To correct problem in existing system
To improve existing system
Outside group may mandate change
Competition can lead to change
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14. What Initiates the System Development Life Cycle?
What is a request for system services?
Users write formal request for new or modified information system
Also called project request
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p Fig. 14-7b

15. Planning Phase What is the planning phase?
Begins when steering committee receives project request
Function of committee:
Review and approve project
Prioritize requests
Allocate resources
Form project development team
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16. Analysis Phase What is the analysis phase?
Consists of two major tasks
Conduct preliminary investigation, also called feasibility study
Perform detailed analysis
1. Study how current system works
2. Determine user’s wants, needs, and requirements
3. Recommend solution
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17. Entity-relationship diagrams
Analysis Phase
What is structured analysis and design?
Entity-relationship diagrams
Technique that attempts to address problem by using graphics and other tools
Used to document findings in way everyone can understand
Data flow diagrams
Project dictionary
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18. Object in system that has data
Analysis Phase
What is an entity-relationship diagram (ERD)?
Tool that graphically shows connections between entities in system
Click to view Web Link
then click Entity-Relationship Diagrams
Entity
Object in system that has data
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p Fig

19. Analysis Phase What is a data flow diagram (DFD)?
Tool that graphically shows flow of data in system
process
data store
data flows
Click to view Web Link
then click Data Flow Diagrams
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source
p Fig

20. Analysis Phase What is a project dictionary? structured English
Documentation and deliverables of project
Helps keep track of huge amount of details in system
decision tables
decision trees
data dictionary
Click to view Web Link
then click Project Dictionary
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21. Analysis Phase What is structured English?
Used to explain details of process in project dictionary
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p Fig

22. Analysis Phase What is a decision table?
Lists variety of conditions and actions that correspond to each condition
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p Fig

23. Analysis Phase What is a decision tree?
Diagram that shows conditions and actions graphically
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p Fig

24. Analysis Phase What is a data dictionary?
Stores name, description, and other details about each data item
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p Fig

25. Analysis Phase What is the system proposal?
Assesses feasibility of each alternative solution
At conclusion of analysis phase, system proposal presented to steering committee for approval
Steering committee often must decide how system will be developed
Buy packaged software from outside source?
Build own custom software?
Hire outside firm to handle more or all IT needs?
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26. Design Phase What is the design phase?
Consists of two major activities
Acquire hardware and software
Develop all details of new or modified information system
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27. Design Phase What is needed to acquire new hardware and software?
Talk with other systems analysts
Identify all hardware and software requirements of new or modified system
Visit vendors’ stores
Surf the Web
Read print and online trade journals, newspapers, and magazines
Click to view video
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28. Design Phase
What are three basic documents used to summarize technical specifications?
Request for quotation (RFQ)
Identifies product(s) you want
Vendor quotes price(s) for listed product(s)
Request for proposal (RFP)
Vendor selects product(s) that meets your requirements and then quotes price(s)
Request for information (RFI)
Less formal method that uses standard form to request information about product or service
Click to view Web Link
then click Request for Proposal
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29. Design Phase What is a turnkey solution?
Complete system provided by value-added reseller
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p Fig

30. Input and output design
Design Phase
What is detailed design?
Database design
Develop detailed design specifications for components in proposed solution
Sometimes called physical design
Input and output design
Program design
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31. Design Phase What is a system flowchart?
Documents relationships among programs in process
Shows how other elements of system interact with major process
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p Fig

32. Design Phase What is a prototype? Working model of proposed system
Rapid application development (RAD)
Process of developing applications with prototypes
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33. Design Phase What is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)?
Project repository Stores diagrams, specifications, descriptions, programs, and any other deliverable generated
Software tools designed to support one or more SDLC activities
Graphics Enables drawing of diagrams
Prototyping Creates models of proposed system
Quality assurance Analyzes deliverables for accuracy
Click to view Web Link
then click CASE Products
Code generators Create actual computer programs from design specifications
Housekeeping Establishes user accounts and provides backup and recovery functions
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34. What is a structured walkthrough?
Design Phase
What is a structured walkthrough?
Step-by-step review by project team and users of any SDLC deliverable
Used to review detailed design specifications before they are given to programming team
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35. Install and test new system
Implementation Phase
What is the implementation phase?
Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified system and then deliver it to users
Develop programs
Install and test new system
Convert to new system
Train users
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36. Implementation Phase
What is the program development life cycle (PDLC)?
Analyze problem
Programmers write programs as per specifications
They follow an organized set of activities known as PDLC
Design programs
Code programs
Test programs
Formalize solution
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Maintain programs
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37. Implementation Phase
What are the three types of tests performed by system developers?
Systems test
Verifies all programs in application work together properly
Acceptance Test
Performed by end-users; checks that new system works with actual data
Integration Test
Verifies application works with other applications
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38. Implementation Phase What is training?
Showing users exactly how they will use new hardware and software in system
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p Fig

39. Implementation Phase What are conversion strategies?
Used to change from old system to new system
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p Fig

40. Support Phase What is the support phase?
Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented
Conduct a post-implementation system review
Identify errors
Monitor system performance
Identify enhancements
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p.14.32

41. Summary of Information System Development
What is the system development life cycle?
What initiates the system development life cycle?
Planning phase
Analysis phase
Design phase
Implementation phase
Support phase
Chapter 14 Complete