2. Enzymes (Proteins) Standards 1b, 1h, 4e, 4f,

3. From the largest entity in the Universe to the smallest entity that makes up all the matter in the Universe

4. Universe

5. From the largest entity in the Universe to the smallest entity that makes up all the matter in the Universe Universe > Galaxies > Star > (Milky Way) Solar System (Sun)

6. Universe

7. Galaxies

8. Stars

9. Planets

10. Planet > Organisms > Organ > (Earth) (Human Being) System (Digestive) System

11. Organisms

12. Organ System

13. Organ > Tissue > Cells > (Stomach) (Smooth) (Smooth) Muscle Muscle Tissue Cells

14. Organs

15. Tissue

16. Cells

17. Organelles > Macromolecules > Nucleus (Organic Compounds) i.e. Protein (Enzymes)

18. Organelles

19. Organic Compounds

20. Atoms > Subatomic > Quarks > Elements (Proton) Carbon (Neutron) (Electron)

21. Atoms

22. Subatomic

23. Quarks Proton Neutron

24. > Energy Strings ? String Theory ?

25. Energy Strings? Proton

26. From the Simplest to the Most Complex Virus < Bacteria < Animal < Plant Cell Cell Cell ↓ ↓ ↓ Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cells Cells ↓ ↓ No Nucleus Have a Nucleus

27. Standard 1h Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from small collection of simple precursors.

28. Types of Macromolecules (Organic Compounds) Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) sugars Proteinas (Enzymes) Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) Lipids (Fats)

29. Types of Macromolecules (Organic Compounds) Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Sugars Proteins (Enzymes) Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) Lipids (Fats)

30. Types of Monomers Monosaccharides Amino Acids Nucleotides Fatty Acids

31. Types of Monomers MonosaccharideAmino AcidNucleotideFatty Acid

32. Monomers That Make Up The Macromolecules Many Monosaccharide make up a Polysaccharide. Many Nucleotides makes up a Nucleic Acid. Many Amino Acids make up a protein (Enzyme). 3 chains of Fatty Acids attached to a glycerol molecule make up the lipids.

33. Standard 1b Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reaction equilibrium and the activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and the pH of the surroundings.

34. Enzymes They are proteins that are made in the ribosomes of the cell, and are involved in speeding up the millions of chemical reactions needed to sustain life in living things. They help certain substrates (reactants) become products quickly, but do not become part of the products. They lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

37. Factors that affect Enzyme Function Temperature pH Ionic conditions.

38. Temperature

39. Review Standards 8 th Grade Physical Science pH scale 0  14 pH < 7 solution is acidic pH > 7 solution is basic pH = 7 solution is neutral

42. Ionic Conditions

43. Ionic Conditions at the Molecular Level

44. Standard 4e Students know proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence of amino acids.

45. Standard 4f Students know why proteins having different amino acid sequences typically have different shapes and chemical properties.

46. Amino AcidAbbreviation Letter AlanineAlaA AsparagineAsnN CysteineCysC GlutamineGlnQ GlycineGlyG IsoleucineIleI LeucineLeuL MethionineMetM PhenylalaninePheF ProlineProP

47. Amino AcidAbbreviation Letter SerineSerS ThreonineThrT TryptophanTrpW TyrosineTyrY ValineValV Aspartic AcidAspD Glutamic AcidGluE ArginineArgR HistidineHisH LysineLysK

50. Insulin

51. Insulin (Ribbon Form Structure)

53. Human Growth Hormone