1. RISE OF THE CITIES America’s story told through Toledo

2. Why the cities? Jobs are in industry. Industry’s in cities! Urbanization: Rapid growth of cities. Hits East Coast 1st (NYC, Boston, Philly) Spreads west; speeds up after Civil War

3. So what about OUR city? After War of 1812, Great Lakes were seen as best part of nation Maumee River, at W. end of Lake Erie was natural site for a major shipping port for farm goods Small towns lined the river:

4. Miami (Maumee) Perrysburg Marengo (Bowsher area) Port Lawrence (near 5/3 field) Vistula (Elm & Lagrange area) Manhattan (Pt Place) Yondota (East side)

5. A City is Born Businessmen realized 1 big city would be stronger than many small 1833: Port Lawrence & Vistula merge; take Spanish name: Toledo Population: 1,100 (! About how many attend RHS!)

6. 1837 Toledo

7. Early Map, 1840

8. Transportation brings business 1843: FTW-TOL canal opens 1852-55: Rail connections to CHI, FTW, CLE City builds intermodal terminal on Middlegrounds (today’s OC) where canal, rails ended at shipping docks

9. Canal Boat, near Glendale

10. The Island House

11. Looking down Swan Creek

13. Civil War & Growth 1850: 263 ppl worked in 38 factories 1860: 885 in 100 factories 1870: 4,000 in 392 factories ! With Southern ports closed down, and Eastern factories unable to keep up with demand, Midwest benefits big time! Postwar growth would be quick !

14. Light Industry in Toledo 1870: Vulcan Iron Works is 1st metal producer 1873: Milburn Wagon Works is 1st ‘real’ factory 1884: Discovery of natural gas in BG & Findlay gives area an energy advantage

15. Milburn Wagon Factory

16. A Milburn Wagon

17. Vulcan Works, downtown

18. Who Moved to Cities? Immigrants to US. Reasons: Jobs, cheap rent, cheap food, cheap transit, others like you. By 1890: More Irish in NYC than Dublin. “Americanization movement” - Gov’t & volunteers helped teach English, cooking, social skills

19. Country folk also moved in. Inventions like plow & reaper meant less farmers needed Farm workers hit the city for jobs Many sharecroppers forced off land –Many Toledoans trace families back to MS, AL, AR, TN, WV

20. Minority Growth in Toledo

21. Urban Problems Housing – Tenements: Single family apartments filled with abt. 20 – Cities pass housing laws. Establish “air shaft” requirement so everyone gets some air –Slums develop by 1900 in TOL along Cherry between Spielbusch & Summit

22. Toledo’s ‘Skid Row’

23. NYC tenement

24. Transportation – Roads had to be improved; planks used to make all-season roads Cherry St. was 1st in Toledo –Mass transit had to be developed to move people to jobs 1862-1889: Toledo streetcar lines run through city & to surrounding cities

25. Streetcar & wagons, E Side

29. St. Clair St, 1937

30. Water – Had to GET fresh water 1873: Toledo’s 1st water plant opens – Had to GET RID OF waste water 1848: Toledo builds 1st underground sewers – 1840s: CLE & NY open waterworks – NYC builds giant viaduct from mts.

35. Crime – Pickpockets & thieves flourished in packed places – Crime organizes into gangs for efficiency – Cities form professional police departments Toledo Police formed 1852

36. TPD Motorcycle Squad

37. Fire: The enemy of cities – Bad water supplies = bad fires – Most homes made of wood. Heated by fire. Lit by lanterns. Toledo had natural gas-fired streetlights – For-profit fire companies sold ‘insurance’ 1837: 1st fire companies form in Toledo

38. Toledo’s 1st fire engine

39. Major fires: – 1871: Great Chicago Fire. 24 hours, 300 dead, 100K homeless, 3 mi destroyed – 1906: SF Quake. 4 days, 1K dead, 200K homeless, 5 mi destroyed

40. Chamber of Commerce Fire, Toledo

41. 1899 Toledo

42. 1940 Toledo

43. 1968 Toledo