1. Chapter 4 Selected Factors Affecting Motor Development
© Gallahue, D.L., & Ozmun, J.C.. Understanding Motor Development.
McGraw-Hill

2. Key Concept
Both the Processes and Products of Motor Development Are Influenced by a Wide Variety of Factors Operating in Isolation and in Conjunction With One Another.

3. Factors Within the Individual
Cephalocaudal & proximodistal (head to tail, center to periphery)
Growth rate (self-regulatory fluctuation & developmental plasticity)
Reciprocal interweaving (differentiation & integration)

4. Factors Within the Individual (cont.)
Learning readiness (developmental convergence)
Critical vs. Sensitive periods (narrow vs. broad time frames)
Individual differences (the mythical “average”)
Phylogeny & ontogeny (“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” ?)

5. Factors Within the Environment
Infant bonding (Imprinting vs. Sensitive periods vs. Long term outcomes)
Infant stimulation (Structured activity programs vs. Normal play environments)

6. Factors Within the Environment (cont.)
Infant deprivation (Maturation vs. Experience)
Low-birth weight ( gms lbs. = -2SD < X for gestational age)
- Neonatal mortality risk (figure 4.1)
- Young-for-date (Pre-term infants)

7. Factors Within the Environment (cont.)
Overweight (BMI >25 = 20% of USA children & 55% adults)
Obesity (BMI >30 = 11.6% of USA children & 55% adults, 300,000 deaths each year, second leading cause of unnecessary death)
BMI chart (table 4.1)

8. Factors Within the Environment (cont.)
Genetics & obesity (70% chance of being obese adult if not slimmed down by age 14)
Ethnicity and obesity (Blacks, Hispanics, Whites)

9. Overweight/Obesity (Table 4.2)
Known Risk Factors:
-Type II Diabetes
-Heart Disease
-Stroke
-Hypertension
-Rheumatoid Arthritis
-Osteoarthritis
-Sleep Apnea
-Some Forms of Cancer
-Gallbladder Disease
-Heat Disorders
Associated With:
-Elevated Cholesterol
-Pregnancy Complications
-Menstrual Irregularities
-Excessive Body/Facial Hair
-Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
-Daytime Sleepiness
-Gout
-Impaired Immune Response
-Impaired Respiratory Function

10. Factors Within the Environment (cont.)
Binge eating without purging (“triggers” = depression & negative emotions)
Bulimia (binge-purge process)
Anorexia (self-starving process)
Bulimia & anorexia (90% female,
3-4% of population)

11. Early Warning Signs of Eating Disorders (Table 4.3)
Binge Eating:
Anorexia:
Bulimia:
Binging without purging
Obsession with dieting
Binging with purging
Irregular weight loss
Steady weight loss
Frequently obese
Increased & intensive physical activity
Long bathroom breaks after meals
Obsessed with food
Too concerned with weight
Loss of tooth enamel

12. Warning Signs of Eating Disorders (cont.)
Binge Eating:
Anorexia:
Bulimia:
Disgusted with self after binging episode
Denial of hunger
Exaggerated fear of gaining weight
Frequent history of depression
Social isolation
Impulsivity
Frequent among those on medically supervised weight loss program
Obsessed with dieting & talk of food
Throat, esophagus, stomach, or colon problems

13. Physical Factors Within the Task
Physical Activity
Physical Fitness
Health-related components (genetic basis & nutritional status)
Performance related components (generality of motor ability vs. specificity of motor abilities)

14. Mechanical Factors Within the Task (Figures 4.2-4.4)
Balance (center of gravity vs. line of gravity vs. base of support)
Giving Force (Newton’s Laws of inertia, acceleration, action & reaction)
Receiving Force (distance vs. surface area)

15. Concluding Concept
Motor Development Is a Complex Process Influenced by numerous Factors Within the Biology of the Individual, the Conditions of the Learning Environment and the Requirements of the Movement Task, That Result in Many and Varied Products