1. WHAT DO YOU HAVE IN COMMON… HZT 4U PHILOSOPHY A QUICK INTRO

2. WITH THESE PEOPLE? They studied Philosophy!

3. WHAT’S YOUR STARTING POINT? What do you think philosophy is all about? What makes philosophy different from other courses? What do we mean when we say things like: “I’m being philosophical about _____________________ (my life, this situation…)

4. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? The use of reason and argument to search for truth and knowledge about reality. Philia = “love” Sophia = “Wisdom” Literally, the “love of wisdom”

5. THE STARTING POINT OF PHILOSOPHY Awe Wonder A question A puzzle A riddle “Philosophy begins in wonder. And, at the end, when philosophic thought has done its best, the wonder remains.” -Alfred North Whitehead

6. BEGINNING WITH WONDER… Philosophers use thoughtful reflection to investigate: The meaning of life What decisions should we make How should we live our lives

7. AS WELL AS ON OTHER TOPICS LIKE… Education Family Business Work Play Sports Medicine Health Aging Happiness Friendship Law Ethics Punishment Rewards Social class Euthanasia Abortion …

8. PHILOSOPHERS Study questions not easily answered by other methods Continue studying areas where thoughtful reasoning and argument are important Study: The nature of the universe & the place of humans in it Humans as members of society What can we know and understand, and why Issues where observation alone can’t help

9. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY Logic Metaphysics Ethics Epistemology Social & Political Philosophy Aesthetics Philosophy of ______________

10. MAIN PERIODS IN PHILOSOPHY Ancient Classical period: 700 BCE-300 CE Middle Ages Medieval period: 900 – 1400 CE Modern Renaissance: 1500 – 1600 CE Enlightenment: 1687 – 1789 CE Early Modern: 1500 – 1800 CE Late Modern: 1800’s Contemporary: 1900 – present

11. CLASSICAL PERIOD Ancient Chinese: celestial & earthly realms Order within heavens  order in kingdom, family Lao Tzu (604 BCE): Taoism Ancient Indian: Upanishads Underlying reality behind mere appearances Illusions, Maya Yajnavalkya, Gargi Vachaknavi

12. CLASSICAL CONT. Ancient Greece Plato, b. 428/427 BCE – d. 348/347 BCE Student of Socrates Teacher of Aristotle Plato: basis of western Phil. “Socratic” dialogues mastery in rhetoric Topics: metaphysics & ethics Aristotle, 384-322 BCE Topics: aesthetics, logic, physics, biology, politics, theatre, poetry Stoicism, 301 BCE – 180 CE Zeno, Panaetius, Posidonius, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius “spiritual” philosophy: reflect on good/evil, logic

13. CLASSICAL… St. Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430 CE) North African Scholar Catholic Theologian & Philosopher Used Stoicism: City of God, City of Man Hypatia of Alexandria (370-415 CE) Philosopher, mathematician, astronomer Neo-Platonist No writings left, strong following, placed high value on science

14. MEDIEVAL PERIOD Great thinkers: logic, physics, theology, politics Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 1126-1198 Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274 Shri Madhvacharya 1238-1317 William of Occam 1288-1348

15. RENAISSANCE Philosophers embraced a rebirth of classical ideas Neoplatonism: a religious, mystical philosophy from the 3 rd C CE. Humanism: included changing educational systems French humanist: Michel Eyquem de Montaigne English philosopher: Francis Bacon

16. ENLIGHTENMENT Isaac Newton 1643-1727), Principia John Locke 1632-1704 David Hume 1711-1776 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797

17. EARLY MODERN 1500-1800 René Descartes 1596-1650 Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 Blaise Pascal 1623-1662

18. LATE MODERN Massive industrialization, developments in science & technology John Locke 1632-1704 David Hume 1711-1776 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 Gottfried Leibniz 1685-1783 Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832

19. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Key beliefs that developed: Deconstruction Existentialism Structuralism Naturalism Quietism Thinkers: Jean-Paul Sartre 1905-1984 Simone de Beauvoir 1908-1986 Michel Foucault 1926-1984 Jacques Derrida 1930-2004 Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889-1951 Martin Heidegger 1889-1976