2. Historical Approaches Understanding Behaviors

3. in an attempt to explain behaviors. and the mind body connection. Life Before Psychology René Descartes (1596-1650) Philosophy –believed in dualism  a separation of the mind and body as two individual parts yet somehow linked. Mind controlled the body..but how??? Problem - No “scientific” way of studying problems Physiology asks similar questions about the mind. Scientists applied the: SCIENTIFIC METHOD

4. Phrenology The 1800’s Phrenology- examine bumps to determine intellect and character traits… Phrenology inspired scientist to study the role of the brain rather than the heart to explain human behavior.

5. Psychology Is Born Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) First Experimental Psych Lab (1879) Focuses on the scientific (systematic) s study of the mind. WW insists that Psych methods be as rigorous as the methods of chemistry & physics. University of Leipzig Harvard University Yale University Columbia University Catholic University Univ of Pennsylvania Cornell University Stanford University Wundt’s students start labs across USA (1880-1900)

6. Structuralism vs Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Analyze consciousness into basic elements and study how they are related Introspection - self-observation of one’s own thoughts and feelings Investigate the function, or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure How do people adapt to function in new environments? Structuralism focused on the mind Functionalism Wilhelm Wundt

7. Inheritable Traits Sir Frances Galton (1822-1911) Wanted to understand how heredity influences a person’s ability Heredity includes all the traits and properties that are passed along from parents to children He thought the world would be a better place if we got rid of less desirable people Most fit were those with high intelligence Galton assumed wealthiest people were the most intelligent

8. Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) “The whole is different than the sum of its parts.” A reaction against Structuralism An attempt to focus attention back onto conscious experience (i.e., the mind) WHY?

9. Today's Approaches Psychoanalytical Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive Biological Sociocultural

10. Unconscious expressed in dreams & “slips of the tongue ” Freud & Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Proposes the idea of the UNCONSCIOUS Thoughts, memories & desires exist below conscious awareness and exert an influence on our behavior Psychoanalytic Theory attempts to explain personality, mental disorders & motivation using the unconscious

11. Freud and Free Association Patient said anything that came to mind Psychoanalyst is a psychologist that studies how the unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior, feelings and thoughts Dreams are an expression of the most primitive unconscious urges – Freud used dream analysis which is free association applied to dreams Case study: analyze the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors and problems of individual

12. Behaviorism Scientific Psychology should focus on observable behavior. John Watson (1878-1958) Ivan Pavlov StimulusResponsePsychology Mental Processes cannot be studied directly

13. Watson John Watson (1878-1958) Concern with only observable behaviors All behavior is result of conditioning and occurs because the appropriate stimulus is present in the environment

14. Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Pavlov dogs: Pavlov rang a tuning fork each time he gave dog meat. The dog would normally drool when he got the meat. After Pavlov repeated the procedure many times, the dogs would drool when it heard the ring of the tuning fork, even if no food appeared. It had been conditioned to associate the sound with the food. This is known as conditioning or the conditional reflex

15. B.F.Skinner B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Introduced concept of reinforcement Response to a behavior that increases likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (rewards)

17. Behavioral/Clinical Perspective Focus How we learn from observable responses. How to best study, assess and treat troubled people. Focus How we learn from observable responses. How to best study, assess and treat troubled people. Sample Issues How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter certain behaviors? What are the underlying causes of:  Anxiety Disorders  Phobic Disorders  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Sample Issues How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter certain behaviors? What are the underlying causes of:  Anxiety Disorders  Phobic Disorders  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

18. Humanistic Developed as a reaction to behavioral psychology 1960’s Maslow, Rogers Humans not controlled by environment or unconscious forces Environment and the outside forces serve as a background to our own internal growth Each person is unique and has a self concept and potential to develop fully

19. Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychologists return to the study of learning, memory, perception, language, development & problem solving Cognition the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing & retrieving information

20. Cognitive Perspective Focus How we process, store and retrieve information. Focus How we process, store and retrieve information. Sample Issues How do we use info in remembering and reasoning? How do our senses govern the nature of perception? (Is what you see really what you get?) How much do infants “know” when they are born? Sample Issues How do we use info in remembering and reasoning? How do our senses govern the nature of perception? (Is what you see really what you get?) How much do infants “know” when they are born?

21. NEW Perspectives in Psychology Psychobiological Social-Cultural Psychology

22. Biological Perspective Focus How the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. How physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior Focus How the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. How physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior Sample Issues How do evolution and heredity influence behavior? How are messages transmitted within the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? Use tools like MRI CT Recent discoveries between chemicals in brain (neurotransmitters) and human behavior EX – autisitic children share a genetic defect in regulation neurotransmitter Serontin – serontin plays a role in brain function Sample Issues How do evolution and heredity influence behavior? How are messages transmitted within the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? Use tools like MRI CT Recent discoveries between chemicals in brain (neurotransmitters) and human behavior EX – autisitic children share a genetic defect in regulation neurotransmitter Serontin – serontin plays a role in brain function

23. Social-Cultural Perspective Focus How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. Focus How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. Sample Issues How are we, as members of different races and nationalities, alike as members of one human family? How do we differ, as products of different social contexts? Why do people sometimes act differently in groups than when alone? Sample Issues How are we, as members of different races and nationalities, alike as members of one human family? How do we differ, as products of different social contexts? Why do people sometimes act differently in groups than when alone?

24. Is our ways of thinking, feeling and behaving dependent on the culture in which we belong? What is the impact of millions of immigrants who come to U.S. each year? How do genders and socioeconomics influence our behaviors, male-female, rich- poor?

25. Psychologists must be skeptical and think critically What is the evidence? How was it collected? Psychology is Empirical Psych conclusions based on research NOT tradition or common sense Knowledge acquired through observation

26. Psych Is Theoretically Diverse Theory Dreams BiologicalPsychologyPerspectiveClinicalPsychoanalyticPerspective A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

27. Psych & Sociohistorical Context Trends & Issues In Society Advances In Psychology Psychology develops in both a social & historical context Early Psychology Affected by physics & physiology Society Today Affected by psychological testing (IQ, SAT, GRE)

28. What Causes Behavior?Behavior

29. Behavior is Shaped by Culture Personal Space Value of Education Punctuality Social Norms

30. Influence of Heredity & Environment Nature versus Nurture

31. Perception Is Subjective Internal Information Prior Expectations Current Mental State Experience External Information Actual Words/Actions Image Reflected from Objects “Sound” Waves Both Determine Our Experience of the World