2. Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010)

3. Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods Introduction: The Origins of Psychology Contemporary Psychology The Scientific Method Descriptive Research Methods Experimental Research Methods and Research Ethics

4. 100 200 300 400 500 Introduction: The Origins of Psychology

5. 100 200 300 400 500 Contemporary Psychology

6. 100 200 The Scientific Method 300 400 500

7. 100 200 300 400 500 Descriptive Research Methods

8. 100 200 Experimental Research Methods and Research Ethics 300 400 500

9. 1. The first American woman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology was: A) Bessy Truman B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Willa James D) Mary Whiton Calkins A) Bessy Truman B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Willa James D) Mary Whiton Calkins

10. 2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are to ________ as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are to ________. A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis

11. 3. The formal beginning of psychology as an experimental discipline took place in a laboratory in __________ in 1879. A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany

12. 4. The science of psychology emerged from the influences of which two disciplines? A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics

13. 5. While Sigmund Freud emphasized the influence of __________ experiences on individuals’ behaviors, Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of __________ experiences. A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic

14. 6. The __________ perspective draws from and expands the original ideas of Sigmund Freud. A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic

15. 7. Dr. Asch wants to know what causes people to conform to the behaviors of their friends. He is most likely a __________ psychologist. A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary

16. 8. Memory— language developmental problem-solving— and memory are all topics that are of interest to a ______________ psychologist. A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary

17. 9. Which of the following is the most popular specialty area of psychology among professionals? A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology

18. 10. Cross-cultural psychologists have found that people tend to use their own culture as the “standard” against which other cultures are judged. This tendency is called: A) ethnocentrism B) prejudice C) collectivism D) anthropomorphism A) ethnocentrism B) prejudice C) collectivism D) anthropomorphism

19. 11. A(n) __________ is a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables. A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory

20. 12. Which of the following is one effective way of reporting the results of a research study to the scientific community? A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a professional conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a professional conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results

21. 13. Statistics are used for all but which of the following purposes? A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected

22. 14. When a research study has been found statistically significant, which of the following statements is true? A) It may or may not be practically significant B) It must be practically significant C) It cannot be practically significant D) It is practically significant 50% of the time A) It may or may not be practically significant B) It must be practically significant C) It cannot be practically significant D) It is practically significant 50% of the time

23. 15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a critical thinker? A) being flexible, yet maintaining skepticism B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses A) being flexible, yet maintaining skepticism B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses

24. 16. If you wanted to study the flirting behavior of college students at a dance, you would be most likely to use: A) a pseudoscience B) a survey C) naturalistic observation D) a case study A) a pseudoscience B) a survey C) naturalistic observation D) a case study

25. 17. Which of the following correlational coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64 A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64

26. 18. Jonathan believes that women are bad drivers. Whenever he passes a woman receiving a traffic citation, he says “You see? What did I tell you?” Jonathan never pays any attention to the many women who do not receive traffic citations. This is an example of: A) the confirmation bias B) shifting the burden of proof C) a nonfalsifiable claim D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence A) the confirmation bias B) shifting the burden of proof C) a nonfalsifiable claim D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence

27. 19. While standing in an apartment building waiting for an elevator to arrive, Jazmine is remembering her lesson in correlational studies. Which of the following thoughts would indicate that Jazmine understood the lesson thoroughly? A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation

28. 20. Which method is used to ensure that every member of a larger group has an equal chance of being included in a sample? A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs

29. 21. Professor Stuart is studying the relationship between room temperature and examination score. Which of the following is most likely the dependent variable in this study? A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart

30. 22. Which of the following statements regarding the ethics of conducting research is false? A) The American Psychological Association does not condone the use of animals as research subjects B) Research participants may withdraw their participation at any time C) Researchers are permitted to deceive their participants if the deception is justified D) Research participants must be debriefed after their participation in the research is concluded A) The American Psychological Association does not condone the use of animals as research subjects B) Research participants may withdraw their participation at any time C) Researchers are permitted to deceive their participants if the deception is justified D) Research participants must be debriefed after their participation in the research is concluded

31. 23. When an experiment employs a(n) __________ technique, it means that both the participants and researchers are unaware of which participants are assigned to the various treatment conditions. A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation

32. 24. Dr. Lowe has informed his students that they may earn extra credit points in his class for agreeing to be research participants. What must the professor do in order to make this an “ethical” offer? A) He must make sure that there are an equal number of males and female students who participate in the study B) He must give each student credit in the reporting of his findings C) He must also pay each student for their participation D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to earn the extra credit points that is not related to his research A) He must make sure that there are an equal number of males and female students who participate in the study B) He must give each student credit in the reporting of his findings C) He must also pay each student for their participation D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to earn the extra credit points that is not related to his research

33. 25. Also called a confounding variable— a(n) __________ variable might produce inaccurate results by affecting the outcome of an experiment. A) extraneous B) placebo C) control D) demand A) extraneous B) placebo C) control D) demand

35. Stop here, or continue as a review.

36. 1. The first American woman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology was: A) Bessy Truman. B) Margaret Floy Washburn. C) Willa James. D) Mary Whiton Calkins. A) Bessy Truman. B) Margaret Floy Washburn. C) Willa James. D) Mary Whiton Calkins.

37. 2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are to ________ as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are to ________. A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis

38. 3. The formal beginning of psychology as an experimental discipline took place in a laboratory in __________ in 1879. A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany

39. 4. The science of psychology emerged from the influences of which two disciplines? A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics

40. 5. While Sigmund Freud emphasized the influence of __________ experiences on individuals’ behaviors, Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of __________ experiences. A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic

41. 6. The __________ perspective draws from and expands the original ideas of Sigmund Freud. A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic

42. 7. Dr. Asch wants to know what causes people to conform to the behaviors of their friends. He is most likely a __________ psychologist. A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary

43. 8. Memory, language developmental, problem-solving, and memory are all topics that are of interest to a ______________ psychologist. A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary

44. 9. Which of the following is the most popular specialty area of psychology among professionals? A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology

45. 10. Cross-cultural psychologists have found that people tend to use their own culture as the “standard” against which other cultures are judged. This tendency is called: A) ethnocentrism B) prejudice C) collectivism D) anthropomorphism A) ethnocentrism B) prejudice C) collectivism D) anthropomorphism

46. 11. A(n) __________ is a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables. A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory

47. 12. Which of the following is one effective way of reporting the results of a research study to the scientific community? A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a professional conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a professional conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results

48. 13. Statistics are used for all but which of the following purposes? A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected

49. 14. When a research study has been found statistically significant, which of the following statements is true? A) It may or may not be practically significant B) It must be practically significant C) It cannot be practically significant D) It is practically significant 50% of the time A) It may or may not be practically significant B) It must be practically significant C) It cannot be practically significant D) It is practically significant 50% of the time

50. 15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a critical thinker? A) the ability to assume other perspectives B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses A) the ability to assume other perspectives B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses

51. 16. If you wanted to study the flirting behavior of college students at a dance, you would be most likely to use: A) a pseudoscience B) a survey C) naturalistic observation D) a case study A) a pseudoscience B) a survey C) naturalistic observation D) a case study

52. 17. Which of the following correlational coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64 A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64

53. 18. Jonathan believes that women are bad drivers. Whenever he passes a woman receiving a traffic citation, he says “You see? What did I tell you?” Jonathan never pays any attention to the many women who do not receive traffic citations. This is an example of: A) the confirmation bias B) shifting the burden of proof C) a nonfalsifiable claim D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence. A) the confirmation bias B) shifting the burden of proof C) a nonfalsifiable claim D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence.

54. 19. While standing in an apartment building waiting for an elevator to arrive, Jazmine is remembering her lesson in correlational studies. Which of the following thoughts would indicate that Jazmine understood the lesson thoroughly? A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation

55. 20. Which method is used to ensure that every member of a larger group has an equal chance of being included in a sample? A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs

56. 21. Professor Stuart is studying the relationship between room temperature and examination score. Which of the following is most likely the dependent variable in this study? A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart

57. 22. Which of the following statements regarding the ethics of conducting research is false? A) The American Psychological Association does not condone the use of animals as research subjects B) Research participants may withdraw their participation at any time C) Researchers are permitted to deceive their participants if the deception is justified D) Research participants must be debriefed after their participation in the research is concluded A) The American Psychological Association does not condone the use of animals as research subjects B) Research participants may withdraw their participation at any time C) Researchers are permitted to deceive their participants if the deception is justified D) Research participants must be debriefed after their participation in the research is concluded

58. 23. When an experiment employs a(n) __________ technique, it means that both the participants and researchers are unaware of which participants are assigned to the various treatment conditions. A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation

59. 24. Dr. Lowe has informed his students that they may earn extra credit points in his class for agreeing to be research participants. What must the professor do in order to make this an “ethical” offer? A) He must make sure that there are an equal number of males and female students who participate in the study B) He must give each student credit in the reporting of his findings C) He must also pay each student for their participation D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to earn the extra credit points that is not related to his research A) He must make sure that there are an equal number of males and female students who participate in the study B) He must give each student credit in the reporting of his findings C) He must also pay each student for their participation D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to earn the extra credit points that is not related to his research

60. 25. Also called a confounding variable, a(n) __________ variable might produce inaccurate results by affecting the outcome of an experiment. A) extraneous B) placebo C) control D) demand A) extraneous B) placebo C) control D) demand

61. AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

62. AnswersAnswers 1.B 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.D 16.C 17.A 18.A 19.D 20.B 21.B 22.A 23.C 24.D 25.A