2. The Nature of Terrorism
“Putting the horror in the minds of the audience, and not necessarily on the screen”
Topics covered —
What is terrorism?
Where terrorists come from?
What causes terrorism?
What are the 3 Rs of terrorism?
Why do terrorists kill themselves?
What is to be done?

3. What is Terrorism?
Deliberately and violently targeting civilians for political purposes
Has seven crucial characteristics —
Politically inspired (otherwise it’s simply a crime)
Violence or threat of violence (‘cyberterrorism’ is not terrorism)
Point of terrorism is not to defeat enemy-send a message
Act & victim usually have symbolic significance
Is act of sub-state groups, not states
Victim of violence & audience terrorists trying to reach are not the same.
7.Terrorism deliberately targets civilians This distinguishes terrorism from guerilla warfare.

4. Terms:
separatist, freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, jihahi or mujaheddin, or fedayeen,
Types
Agro-terrorism
Propaganda of the deed
Bioterrorism
Christian terrorism
Cyber-terrorism
Communist terrorism
Eco-terrorism
Islamist terrorism
Narcoterrorism
Nationalist
Nuclear terrorism
Political
Racist
Other religious terrorism
State
State-sponsored

5. Understanding Terrorists
When terrorists act,
they are seeking 3
immediate objectives
(3 Rs):
exact revenge
achieve glory
force adversary into reaction

6. History of Terrorism
Term “terrorism” coined during French Revolution’s Reign of Terror (1793 – 1794)
Birth of Government-sponsored Terrorism
State terrorism goal to eliminate opposition & consolidate power .
Governments will sometimes try to suppress dissent. In the Military regime in Argentina in the 1960, young protestors sometimes even your age would sometimes “disappear” because of their views. The goal was to eliminate dissent, and maintain power.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001
“ONE MAN'S TERRORIST IS ANOTHER MAN'S FREEDOM FIGHTER”
David Brownlow

7. History of Terrorism Anarchists were seen in late 19th century
Individual terrorism
Use of selective terror against individual to bring down a government
ie:Lincoln assassination
Propaganda by deeds
Anarchists are those who rebel against the ruling power. One of their tools has been the killing of public officials, e.g. the killing of a president or ruler.
Terrorism has become a statement.
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001

8. History of Terrorism:
Religious terrorism 20th century became more frequent.
Economic terrorism-destruction of industry and agriculture system.
Terrorism is Asymmetric Warfare.
Asymmetric warfare is use of random & unpredictable violence by weak military against stronger military.
Key of asymmetric warfare is using unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat. ie: suicide bombers
Arthur H. Garrison, How the World Changed: a History of the Development of Terrorism, presented at Delaware criminal Justice Council Annual Retreat, Oct 28-29, 2001

9. Types of Terrorism
Domestic terrorism-terrorist activities directed at government without foreign involvement.
ie:Oklahoma City
International terrorism-terrorist activities foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside country
ie:Sept. 11
Recent Trends in Domestic and International Terrorism, the Center for National Security Studies,

10. Example of Chemical Terrorism
Sarin nerve agent attack on Tokyo subway system in March 20, 1995
12 people killed and 53 seriously injured
Source:Disaster and hospital functions, Genro Ochi M.D., Ph.D.
Picture from: branch/index-e.html

11. Biological terrorism
Dispersal of microbes or their toxins to produce illness, death and terror
Paths of infection can be contaminated water, food, air and packages.
Microbes –Bacteria, Viruses, Toxins
Is this something new?
Source: Chemical and Biological Terrorism, an overview of the threat. Phillip L. Coule, M.D.
14th Century – Kaffa City on Crimean Peninsula
Hurled plague infested corpses over walls of city to infest it
18th Century French and Indian WarBritish Officers gave blankets from smallpox victims to Indians aligned with French
Phillip L. Coule, M.D.

15. Risk of Dying Smoking 10 cigarettes a day One in 200
All natural causes age 40
One in 850
Road accident
One in 8,000
Playing soccer
One in 25,000
Homicide
One in 100,000
Terrorism attack in 2001
Hit by lightning
One in 10,000,000
Terrorism attack in 1990’s
One in 50,000,000
The purpose of this slide is to have some general comparison between the risk of terrorism attack and that of other more familiar causes, so that we can have a general feeling of the level of the risk of terrorism. Data on other risks is adopted from the BMA Guide to Living with Risk. British Medical Association, Penguin Books, 1987.
It is not scientifically correct to compare the general estimate on risks and the specific death rate of one cause from one year. Also, lightning may be more predictable and random than terrorism attack. Again, this slide just wants to show the general position of the risk of terrorism attack. The point is : there are more important health threats to worry about and we can do something about it.
If you want to compare the death rate from different causes, the CDC and WHO web site can provide more information. The following slide is an example from USA
Death rate of terrorism was calculated from the data of U.S. population and the deaths from terrorism
Resident Population Estimates of the United States by Age and Sex: April 1, 1990 to July 1, 1999, with Short-Term Projection to November 1, 2000.

16. Death Rate of Various Causes in USA year 2000
Heart disease*
One in 400
Cancer *
One in 500
Cerebrovascular diseases*
One in 2,000
Accidents *
One in 3,000
Diabetes*
One in 4,000
Suicide*
One in 10,000
Homicide*
One in 20,000
Terrorism in 2001
One in 100,000
Terrorism in 1990’s
One in 50,000,000
* Age adjusted death rate in National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 49, No. 12, Oct 9, 2001.

20. What Is to Be Done?
Terrorism will continue to be employed as long as it is deemed effective
Technological developments will make it easier for ever smaller groups to employ weapons of ever greater lethality
Political, social, and economic developments will continue to produce disaffected individuals
We will never be able to prevent every attack, but we can control our reaction to those attacks

22. Conclusion Unlawful act
History of being used to achieve political, religious and ideological objectives
Can be conducted through firearms, explosive devices,biological, chemical, nuclear materials
Even after events of 2001,risk of dying from terrorism has remained much lower than that from motor vehicles, smoking, and alcoholic beverage.
Sources: Information on how to help children understand the terrorist attacks:
Suggestions for Adults: Talking and Thinking with Children About the Terrorist Attacks
Suggestions for Educators: Meeting the Needs of Students
A Letter to Elementary School Students from First Lady Laura Bush
A Letter to Middle and High School Students from First Lady Laura Bush
President Bush Participates in Launch of Friendship Through Education Consortium
School Officials Urged to Prevent Harassment of Muslim and Arab-American Students
Where you can find additional information and resources:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
American Counseling Association
American Psychological Association Online: Help with Trauma
Emergency Services and Disaster Relief Branch, Center for Mental Health
Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Violence and Disasters
Helping Children Cope with Disaster, National Parent Information Network
High Schools for Heroes
National Association of School Psychologists
National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Trauma, Disasters, and Violence
Talking with Children When Disaster Strikes
Ten Tips to Help Your Kids Deal with Violence, Parenting Press
Terrorism and Children, Purdue University Extension
University of Oklahoma, Department of Pediatrics
U.S. Government Information and Resources in Response to September 11th Events

23. 4 2 3 1 5 6 8 9 7 Tim McVeigh Samina Malik “Lyrical terrorist”
Uganda soldiers
Tim Smith killed in Iraq 8 9
Una Bomber Ted Kaczynski 7
Tony Blair
Osama bin Laden
Rwanda boys