1. Table of Contents Exit Health and Stress Psych 1 Marina Sangkavichai

2. Table of Contents Exit  Health Psychology: Uses behavioral principles to prevent illness and promote health  Lifestyle Diseases: Diseases related to health-damaging personal habits  Stress: the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging.

3. Table of Contents Exit  Distress: the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors  Eustress: the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being

4. Table of Contents Exit  Behavioral Risk Factors: Behaviors that increase the chances of disease, injury, or premature death  What do you think are some behavioral risk factors that increase your chances of getting ill?  Disease-Prone Personality: Personality type associated with poor health; person tends to be chronically depressed, anxious, hostile, and frequently ill

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8. Table of Contents Exit 100 Death of a spouse 73 Divorce 65 Marital separation 63 Detention in jail or other institution. 63 Death of a close family member 53 Major personal injury or illness 50 Marriage 47 Fired from work 45 Marital reconciliation 45 Retirement 44 Change in health or behavior of family member 40 Pregnancy 40 Sex difficulties 39 Gain new family member 39 Major business readjustment 38 Change in financial state 37 Death of close friend 36 Change to a different line of work 35 Change in number of arguments with partner 31 Taking on a new mortgage 30 Foreclosure on a mortgage or loan 29 Change in responsibilities 29 Son/daughter leaves home 29 Trouble with in-laws 28 Outstanding personal achievement 26 Partner begins/stops work 26 Starting or finishing school 25 Change in living conditions 24 Revision of personal habits 23 Trouble with boss 20 Change in working hours or conditions 20 Change in residence 20 change in schools 19 Change in recreational habits 19 Change in church activities 18 Change in social activities 17 Major purchase such as a new car 16 Change in sleeping habits 15 Change in number of family gatherings 15 Change in eating habits 13 Vacation 12 Christmas or holiday observance 11 Minor violation of the law

9. Table of Contents Exit  Score of 150-300 you have a 50% chance of developing a stress related illness within two years  Score of 300 plus, you have an 80% chance of developing a stress related illness within two years

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11. Table of Contents Exit  Burnout: Job-related condition (usually in helping professions) of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion  Emotional Exhaustion: Feel “used up” and apathetic toward work  Cynicism: Detachment from the job  Feeling of reduced personal accomplishment

12. Table of Contents Exit  Problem-Focused Coping: Managing or altering the distressing situation/Is there something you can do about it? Something specific in order to solve the problem?  Emotion-Focused Coping: Trying to control one’s emotional reactions to the situation/Can you look at this problem or issue in a different way?

13. Table of Contents Exit  Describe problem focused coping and emotion focused coping. Give examples of each. ( personal experience )

14. Table of Contents Exit  Aggression: Any response made with the intention of harming a person, animal, or object  Displaced Aggression: Redirecting aggression to a target other than the source of one’s frustration/Unemployment one of the factors correlated with high rates of child abuse.  Scapegoating: Blaming a person or group for conditions they did not create; the scapegoat is a habitual target of displaced aggression

15. Table of Contents Exit  Escape: May mean actually leaving a source of frustration (dropping out of school) or psychologically escaping (apathy)

16. Table of Contents Exit  Conflict: Stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between contradictory needs, desires, motives, or demands

17. Table of Contents Exit  Approach-Approach Conflicts: Having to choose between two desirable or positive alternatives (e.g., choosing between a new BMW or Mercedes)  Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts: Being forced to choose between two negative or undesirable alternatives (e.g., choosing between going to the doctor or contracting cancer)  NOT choosing may be impossible or undesirable

18. Table of Contents Exit  Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: Being attracted (drawn to) and repelled by the same goal or activity; attraction keeps person in the situation, but negative aspects can cause distress/loving your house but hating the mortgage payment. Asking yourself isn’t really worth it?  Ambivalence: Mixed positive and negative feelings; central characteristic of approach-avoidance conflicts

19. Table of Contents Exit  Feelings of tension, uneasiness, apprehension, worry, and vulnerability  We are motivated to avoid experiencing anxiety

20. Table of Contents Exit  State of feeling despondent defined by feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness  One of the most common mental problems in the world  Some symptoms: Loss of appetite or sex drive, decreased activity, sleeping too much

21. Table of Contents Exit  One method to combat learned helplessness and depression/You must feel you have control over what happens to you and that you can make a difference for yourself

22. Table of Contents Exit  You have a consistently negative opinion of yourself  You engage in frequent self-criticism and self-blame  You place negative interpretations on events that usually would not bother you  The future looks grim  You can’t handle your responsibilities and feel overwhelmed

23. Table of Contents Exit  Type A Personality: Personality type with elevated risk of heart attack; characterized by time urgency and chronic anger or hostility Anger may be the key factor of this behavior  Type B Personality: All types other than Type A’s; unlikely to have a heart attack

24. Table of Contents Exit  Personality type associated with superior stress resistance Sense of personal commitment to self and family Feel they have control over their lives See life as a series of challenges, not threats, or obstacles necessarily Sense of humor Lighthearted

25. Table of Contents Exit  Use of behavioral strategies to reduce stress and improve coping skills  Progressive Relaxation: Produces deep relaxation throughout the body by tightening all muscles in an area and then relaxing them  Guided Imagery: Visualizing images that are calming, relaxing, or beneficial

26. Table of Contents Exit  It’s important to use positive coping statements internally to control fear and anxiety; designed to combat:  Negative Self-Statements: Self-critical thoughts that increase anxiety and lower performance  Coping Statements: Reassuring, self- enhancing statements used to stop negative self-statements.  I am studied, I will do well  I am confident and can get through this!

27. Table of Contents Exit  Mental exercise designed to focus attention and interrupt flow of thoughts, worries, and analyses  Concentrative Meditation: Attention is paid to a single focal point (i.e., object, thought, etc.)  Produces relaxation response and thus works to reduce stress

28. Table of Contents Exit  Mantra: Word(s) or sound(s) repeated silently during concentrative meditation  Relaxation Response: Occurs at time of relaxation; innate physiological response that opposes fight or flight responses  End of Lecture