1. CHAPTER 5: ANCIENT GREECE
1750 B.C. – 133 B.C.

2. Section 1: Early People of Aegean
Europa- daughter of the king of Phoenicia married the king of Crete.
Continent of Europe bares her name.
Crete-not much is known about this civilization.
Called the Minoans after Minos, legendary king of Crete ( B.C.).

3. Success based on trade
Acquired ideas and technology from Egypt and Mesopotamia.

4. Knossos – palace in the empire.
Included many religious shrines a sacred place like a chapel or an alter.
Walls were covered with colorful fresco colorful painting on wet plaster.

5. Around 1400 the Minoans vanished. Possible reasons: Volcanic eruption
Earthquake
Tidal wave
Invaders-the most possible reason
These invaders were the Mycenean’s

6. Mycenaean’s 1400 -1200 B.C. Indo-European people
Conquered Greece and Crete
They were sea traders
Passed on Egyptian & Mesopotamian influences to later Greeks.
Developed numerous city-states in Greece.

7. Trojan War 1250 B.C.
May have started due to economic rivalries between Mycenae and Troy (trading city in Asia Minor).

8. Legend Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen, wife of a Greek King.
Mycenaean’s sailed to Troy to rescue her.
War started and lasted 10 years.
Troy would be burned down by the Mycenaean’s.

10. Mycenaean’s would collapse later after taking over Troy.
Dorian’s would move in the area.
Between 1100 – 800 B.C. Greek civilization took a step back.
People forgot skill and did little writing.
Except for two epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey.
Both written about the time of the Trojan War, by a blind poet named Homer.
Epics- narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds

11. These two epics tell us about the VALUES of the ancient Greeks.

12. Section 2: Rise of Greek City-States
Mediterranean and Aegean Seas were central to development of Greek civilizations.
Greece is part of the Balkan Peninsula
Mountains divided the peninsula into isolated valleys.
Small city-states arose: political units made up of a city and the surrounding lands.
Greeks defended their city-states.

13. The seas provided safe harbors for ships.
Greeks expanded the Phoenicians alphabet, which became the basis of all western alphabets.

15. 750 B. C. – population growth forced people to move
750 B.C. – population growth forced people to move. Greek colonies took root from Spain to Egypt.
Polis: Greek city-states that were the fundamental political units in ancient Greece.

16. Built on two levels:
Fortified hilltop was the acropolis. Temples dedicated to gods and goddesses were built there.
Flatter ground walled the main city with its marketplace, theater, public buildings, and homes.
Men spent time debating issues and there were festivals for gods and goddesses.

17. From 750 B.C. there were many different ways of ruling:
Monarchy a government in which a king or queen exercises central power.
Aristocracy rule by a landholding elite.
Oligarchy power is in the hands of a small, powerful elite, usually from the business class.

18. Warfare: Shift from bronze to iron weapons
Hoplites an item of armor or equipment.
Formed large phalanx a massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers.
Ordinary people were defending the city-states.

19. Sparta Located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula
Defeated Mycenaean’s became helots in the Spartan army.
Helots outnumbered the Spartans 8 to 1
Maintained an aristocracy
Didn’t develop trade or industry just agriculture
Spartans isolated themselves from other Greeks

20. Emphasized military
Spartan boys: left home at age 7, strict military education, no shoes, hard beds.
At age 20 they could marry, but live in the barracks for 10 more years, and eat there 40 more years. Age 30 joined the assembly.
Spartan girls: underwent physical training to prepare them for motherhood. Ran, wrestled, and played sports. Their role was more than other city-states.
Sickly children were abandoned to die.

21. Spartans emphasized a totalitarian philosophy: the individual exists to serve the state.

22. Athens
North of Sparta
Under aristocracy wealthy got wealthy while the ordinary people suffered.
Simple professions were losing money.
Farmers: some had to sell land; some sold themselves and their families to pay their debts.

23. Athens shifted to a democracy
Athens shifted to a democracy *After clashes with aristocrats and common people Athens jumped to their democracy.
Only free males counted as citizens
Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded
Women had little to do with city life
Girls received no education
Boys attended school, received military training, athletic competition
Boys were encouraged to explore their options

24. Solon (594 BC)- given full power to run the government.
Fighting broke out again and Solon left
Tyrants soon won support
Pisistatus: became the 1st tyrant in Athens (546 BC)
Helped the peasants
Cleisthenes- set up the Council of 500- proposed laws and counseled the assembly.
Made the assembly a genuine legislature.

25. Forces of Unity Spoke the same language Common festivals
Prayed the same gods
Same ancient heroes
Temples and festivals
Non-Greeks-outsiders were called Barbarians people that didn’t speak Greek.

26. Greeks were polytheistic.
Gods lived on Mt. Olympus
Zeus-king of the Gods.
Aphrodite-goddess of love
Ares-god of war
Athena-goddess of wisdom, also Athens was named after her.