2. Workers fight to end exploitation.

3.  1 st were called trade unions  Began as a way to provide help in bad times  Goals:  shortened workdays  higher wages  better working conditions  End child labor

4.  Collective Bargaining: negotiations between representatives of labor and management to reach agreement on wages, benefits and conditions  Arbitration: allowing outside “referee” to decide issues between sides  Strike: refusal to work until demands are met

5. Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

6. Key Organizations:

7.  Opened membership to all workers  Advocated 8 hr. day/ equal pay for equal work  Preferred arbitration to strikes  Under Terence Powderly, expanded membership in 1880’s Terence Powderly

8. Workers Organize Knights of LaborKnights of Labor – formed in 1869 as the first labor union in the nation. Goal #1: Shorter work day Goal #2: End child labor Goal #3: Equal pay for men and women

9.  A craft union led by Samuel Gompers  Advocated collective bargaining with threat of strikes  Focused on better pay and benefits  More associated with violence Samuel Gompers

10. AF of L Goals o Catered to the skilled worker. o Represented workers in matters of national legislation. o Maintained a national strike fund. o Evangelized the cause of unionism. o Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. o Mediated disputes between management and labor. o Pushed for closed shops.

11.  Founded by Eugene V. Debs  Included skilled and unskilled workers  Led way to the foundation of the American Socialist Party  Won successful strike in 1894/ then faded Eugene V. Debs

12.  Haymarket Square: 1886- confrontation between striking workers and police resulted in several deaths  Homestead Strike: 1892- steel workers against Carnegie fought hired “thugs”  Pullman Strike: 1894- Debs’ workers were attacked by “strike breakers” resulting in President Cleveland sending out troops Sketch of tension leading to violence during the Pullman Strike

13.  Demonstration in 1886 for an eight-hour workday—strikes in many cities  At Chicago factory, police broke up a fight between strikers and scabs (workers who replace striking workers)—several workers killed  Led to a protest rally in Chicago’s Haymarket Square—bomb thrown at police, several killed  American public begins to associates unions with violence & radical ideas

14.  Andrew Carnegie’s partner Henry Frick attempted to cut workers’ wages at Carnegie Steel:  Union at plant in Homestead, PA called a strike  Frick used the Pinkertons (a private police force known for their ability to break strikes)— led to shootout with strikers  Following a failed assassination attempt of Frick by radical—union called off the strike

15.  Andrew Carnegie and the Homestead Strike — History.com Video Andrew Carnegie and the Homestead Strike — History.com Video

16. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents

17.  Railway workers’ strike that spread nation-wide  Eugene V. Debs called for a boycott of Pullman cars after company refused to bargain with workers  Marked a shift in the federal government’s involvement with labor – employer relations: federal troops were sent in to end the strike

18. A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL

19. Pullman Cars A Pullman porter

20. The Pullman Strike of 1894

21. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “ scabs”  P. R. campaign  Pinkertons  lockout  blacklisting  yellow-dog contracts  court injunctions  open shop  boycotts  sympathy demonstrations  informational picketing  closed shops  organized strikes  “wildcat” strikes

22.  Limited work hours  Regulated work conditions  Preserved rights to collective bargain  Rise of violence led public to distrust unions and fear threat of communism (Red Scare)