1. Chapter 11 section 1 and 2 By Alexander Bonilla

2. Setting the scene  In the 1800’s Disraeli and other political leaders slowly worked to bridge Britain's “two nations” and to extend democratic rights.  Britain generally achieved change through reform than revolution.

3. Reforming Parliament  By 1815 Britain was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and two political parties.  Although members of the house of commons were elected, less than 5 percent of the population could vote.

4. Pleasure for change  Long standing laws kept many people from vote.  In the 1820’s reformers pushed to end religious restrictions. Parliament finally granted Catholics and non Anglican Protestant equal political rights.  An even greater battle soon erupted over making parliament more representative.

5. Reform act of 1832  The great reform act of 1832 redistributed seats in the house of commons giving representation to larger towns and cities and eliminating rotten borough.  By 1830 Whigs and tories were battling over a bill to reform parliament.  The at also enlarged the electorate by granting suffrage to more men.

6. Reform act of 1832  Electorate: body of people allowed to vote.  The act set a property requirement for voting  The reform act did not bring full democracy but it gave a greater political voice to the middle class

7. The chartist movement  The reform bill did not help the rural workers.  In the 1830’s protestors called the Chartists drew up the people’s charter it demanded universal male suffrage, annual parliamentary elections and salaries for members of parliament.

8. The chartist movement Cont.  The chartists presented the petition to parliament with 1 million signatures and they were ignored  Secret ballot: casting votes without announcing them publicly.

9. Victorian age  From 1837-1901 the great in British life was Queen Victoria.  Her reign was the longest in British history.

10. Symbol of a nation’s values.  Queen Victoria came to embody the values of her age.  Victorian ideals: duty, thrift, honesty, hard working and respectability.  Today, we associate those qualities with the Victorian middle class.  She herself embraced a strict cde of morals and manners.

11. Symbol of a nation’s values  As a young woman she married a German prince, Albert.  Albert held a lower rank but she treated him with the devotion of a dutiful wife should.  When he died she went into deep mourning and dressed in black for the rest of her reign

12. A confident age  Under Victoria, the British middle class, and the working class, felt great confidence in the future.  As the Victoria era went on, the reformers continued the push toward greater social and economic justice.

13. New era in British politics  In the 1860’s a new era dawned in British politics. He old political parties regrouped under new leadership.

14. Expanding suffrage  The Disraeli and conservative party pushed through the reform bill of 1867.  By giving the vote to many working class neb the new law almost doubled the size of the electorate.

15. Limiting the lords  In the early 1900’s, Liberals in the house of commons pressed ahead with social reforms though they met their death at the hands of the House of lords.  In 1911 a liberal government passed measures to restrict the powers of the lords including their powers to veto tax bills.

16. Section 2

17. Setting the scene  Lady Constance Lytton was arrested for taking part in a woman’s suffrage protest.  She also refused to eat while in the prison cell and her hunger strike would last until the British government granted the vote to women.  In the end she was force-fed food.

18. Setting the scene Cont.  In the end parliament respond to the widespread discontent with a series of social and economic reforms.

19. Social and economic reforms  One of the most controversal measures made was:  Free trade: trade between countries without quotas. Tariffs or other restrictions

20. Free trade and the Corn laws.  In the early 1800’s Britain, like other European nations taxed foreign imports in order to protect local economics  Free traders demanded an end to a such protective tariff. The free traders agreed and believed that Adam Smith’s Laissez faire would increase prosperity for all.  If there were no tariffs merchants would have larger markets to sell there things in.

21. Free trade and the corn laws Cont.  Some British Tariffs were repealed in the 1820’s. However fierce debates broke out over the corn laws. They imposed high tariffs on imported grain.  Repeal: cancel  In 1846 parliament repealed the corn laws.  However, economic hard time s led Britain and othe European countries to impose protective tariffs on many goods again

22. Campaign against slavery  During the 1700’s enlightenment thinkers had turned the spotlight on the evils of the slave trade.  Under pressure from middle class reformers the campaign against slave trade.  In 1807 Britain was the first European power to abolish slavery  Though, the ban did not end slavery.

23. Crime and punishment  Capital offenses: murder, shoplifting, sheep stealing and impersonating a army veteran.  Executions were public and a hanging of a well known murder was a very publicly attended event.  Penal colonies: special settlements for convicts

24. Victories for the working class  By the early 1900’s parliament passed a series of reforms designed to help the men, women and children whose labor supported the new industrial society

25. Working conditions  Working conditions were grim and dangerous.  Parliament passed laws to regulate conditions in factories and mines  People were limited to working 10 hours a day max.  They sent inspectors to check If the laws were being enforced.

26. Labor unions  Early in the industrial revolution labor unions were outlawed.  Under pleasure, government and business leaders accepted workers organizations.  Trade unions were made legal in 1825 while strikes remained illegal.  Despite restrictions unions spread and won higher wages and shorter hours for workers.

27. Later reforms  During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s both parties enacted social reforms to benefit the working class.  Another force for reform was the Fabian society, socialist organization founded in 1883. they promoted gradual change through legal means rather than by violence

28. Votes for women  Women at the time struggled for the right to vote.  The Women were torn some of them supported it and some didn’t like it.

29. Suffragist Revolt  By the early 1900’s Emmeline Pankhurst had become convinced that only aggressive tactics would bring victory.  New mass meeting sand other peaceful efforts failed some people turned to violence  They were arrested and jailed.

30. A belated victory  At 1918 parliament granted suffrage to women over 50. Young women couldn’t vote for another decade.

31. The Irish question  Absentee landlords: people who owned land but did not live there

32. Irish nationalism  Irish nationalists campaigned vigorously for freedom and justice in the 1800’s.  Britain slowly moved to improve conditions in Ireland.  Parliament passed the catholic emancipation act which allowed Irish Catholics to vote and hold political office