1. Location, Location, Location

2.  Two measurements define location on globe Measured in degrees from a starting point  Latitude Distance north or south of equator North also designated as positive  Longitude Distance east or west of a starting meridian Meridian: line running from pole to pole Prime meridian: through Greenwich, England Link

3. Starting point: Equator! Angular distance from equator measures latitude

4. Starting point: Prime meridian Angular distance east or west of prime meridian

5.  Globe is a model of Earth, showing locations of land and water  Great circle:  Map is a flat representation of part of Earth’s surface  Chart is a flat representation of ocean or air  Both maps and charts have distortion

6.  Projections are ways of transferring Earth structures/locations onto a flat map  Different projections are used for different purposes  Projections always create some sort of distortion

7. Medieval European T-O Map. In medieval Europe one of the most common forms of rendering the earth was the mappae mundi of which more than a thousand have survived. The T-O map is one kind of mappae mundi. The T-O image reproduced here comes from the encyclopedia of knowledge produced by Isidore, Bishop of Seville, in 630 A.D., and was printed in Augsburg in 1472.

8. The greatest "inventor" of sixteenth century Europe was map maker Gerhardus Mercator whose 1569 summary map, publicized by the learned Richard Hakluyt in his Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation (London: 1589), liberated cartography from dependence on Ptolemy, and included a projection that allowed navigators to understand the coasts of the New World. These maps silently promoted a Eurocentric view that privileged the Western image. Generations of European and American students have been indoctrinated with the glories of nationalism and colonialism through this map.

9.  no matter how the earth is divided up, it can not be unrolled or unfolded to lie flat (undevelopable shape). P ROJECTIONS

10. (a) Azimuthal (gnomonic) (b) Cylindrical (c) Conic

11. Views of projected surfaces

12. Conical  Globe sits under a cone, touching along pre- selected line of latitude  Projection developed by cutting cone lengthwise and unrolling  Distortion greatest at latitudes distant from where cone ‘touches’ P ROJECTION C LASSIFICATION

13. Conical Polyconic Polyconic – envelopes globe with an infinite number of cones, each with its own standard parallel P ROJECTION C LASSIFICATION

14. Cylindrical  projected onto a cylinder which is also cut lengthwise and unrolled P ROJECTION C LASSIFICATION

15. Cylindrical Distortion  projection of the entire world, significant distortion occurs at the higher latitudes parallels become further apart and poles can not be seen P ROJECTION C LASSIFICATION

16. Cylindrical Distortion  sizes of Greenland vs. Africa Mercator Projection True size P ROJECTION C LASSIFICATION

17. Planar/Azimuthal  portion of earth’s surface is transformed from a perspective point to a flat surface P ROJECTION C LASSIFICATION

18. Mercator  cylindrical, conformal projection  angular relationships are preserved  parallels and meridians appear as straight lines  parallels are farther apart with increased distance from equator C OMMON P ROJECTIONS

19. Polar Stereographic  directions are true from center point  conformal projection: over a small area, angles in the map are the same as the corresponding angles on Earth's surface  meridians are straight and radiating; parallels are concentric circles  shows only one hemisphere C OMMON P ROJECTIONS

20. Robinson  developed to minimize appearance of angular and area distortion  distorts shape, area, scale and distance in an attempt to balance errors of projection properties C OMMON P ROJECTIONS

21.  size of an object on a map compared to the actual object on the ground  may not be the same in all directions from a point depending on projection used

22. S CALE T YPES Verbal scale  describes the scale in words i.e. “one centimeter represents one kilometer”  commonly found on popular atlases and maps

23. Visual scale (bar scale or graphic scale)  graphically illustrates relationship between map distance and ground distance. one end can be divided  most common  remains correct if reduced or enlarged S CALE T YPES

24. Visual scale (bar scale or graphic scale) S CALE T YPES

25. Representative Fraction (RF)  ratio (proportion) between map distance to earth distance i.e. 1:50,000  most versatile; not tied to any specific units S CALE T YPES

26.  large scale: show a small area with a large amount of detail.  small scale: show a large area with a small amount of detail  all relative L ARGE VS S MALL S CALE