1. Welcome to AP Human Geography

2. On your index cards please write the following:  Name  Year in school  Email  One interesting fact about yourself  Favorite band or artist/movie/TV show  Any after-school activities you participate in  What do you want to learn in this class?  A question for me

4. Things to remember…  Get to class on time  Avoid talking when you’re supposed to be listening  Cell phones should not be seen unless otherwise instructed (free time)  Get work in on time  Do the extra credit on line test  Look at the calendar  Ask for help…communicate  Be proactive “my printer didn’t work” is old!  Give it your best effort!  Have fun

5. Chapter Chapter1 Thinking Geographically

6. How Geographers Address Location  Maps— A two dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth’s surface.  Early mapmaking- Cartography (the science of making maps) Dates back to 800 BC  Map scale—The relation of a feature’s size on a map and its actual size on Earth’s surface.  Can be represented in three ways:  Fraction (1/24,000)  Ratio (1:24,000)  Written Statement (1 inch equals 1 mile)  Projection—transferring location on Earth’s surface to a flat map  Contemporary Tools  GIS-Geographic Information System (topography, political boundaries, population density, manufacturing etc.)  Remote sensing —acquisition of data of Earth’s surface  GPS—Global Positioning System—pinpoints location

7. Contemporary Tools  GIS -Geographic Information System (topography, political boundaries, population density, manufacturing etc.)  Remote sensing —acquisition of data of Earth’s surface  GPS —Global Positioning System— pinpoints location

8. Warm up: White Boards Please! 1. What is the farthest distance you are willing/able to walk? 2. If there were no cars or other transportation, what could you get to on foot from your house at this distance? 3. What would your life be like to live only within a circular area with this distance as the radius?

9. landuse Urban vs Rural. How do we determine what land is used for?

10. World Political Boundaries (2004) Fig. 1-1: National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape

11. Large Scale Map VS. Small Scale Map  A large scale map only shows a small area, but it shows it in great detail.  A map depicting a large area, such as an entire country, is considered a small scale map. In order to show the entire country, the map must be scaled down until it is much smaller. A small scale map shows more territory, but it is less detailed.  Distortion is a problem that arises in :  Shape  Distance  Relative Size  Direction

12. Scale Differences: Maps of Florida Fig. 1-3: The effects of scale in maps of Florida. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000) 12 3 4

13. Township and Range System in the U.S. Fig. 1-4: Principal meridians and east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in northwest Mississippi and topographic map of the area.

14. Layers of a GIS Fig. 1-5: A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.

15. Uniqueness of Places and Regions  Place: Unique location of a feature  Place names—AKA toponym  Site —Physical characteristics (climate, topography, soil, vegetation, elevation)  Situation- The location relative to other locations  Mathematical location —longitude/latitude  Absolute Location : the position or place a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude and longitude  Relative Location: the location of a place relative to other human and physical features on the landscape

16. Site: Broadneck Peninsula How would you describe the site of the Broadneck Peninsula?

17. Situation: Broadneck Penninsula.  How would you describe the situation of the Broadneck Peninsula? (white boards please)

18. Regions: Areas of unique characteristics  Cultural landscape—combination of cultural features such as language, religion, economic, climate  Types of regions—two scales—several neighboring countries that share important features (Latin America)  Regional integration of culture  Cultural ecology: study of human adaptations to social and physical environments.  Environmental Determinism  Possiblism

19. Environmental Determinism  Physical environment causes human activities: Caribbean climate is said to cause laid back, lazy lifestyles

20. Possiblism  Physical environment may limit some human activities, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment  People learn that different crops thrive in different environments  Rice requires a lot of water, wheat is more successful in colder climates

21. World Geographic Grid Fig. 1-8: The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich, England.

22. World Time Zones Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection.

23. On your white boards:  List as many states that you think are included in the south.

24. Types of Regions 1. Formal or Uniform : largest area where a valid generalization hold true. Generally has defined borders/boundaries Common Languages Production of a Certain Crop Climate 2. Functional or Nodal: defined by interactions and connections Newspaper circulation (Washington Post) Reception area of a TV Station

25. Types of Regions 3.Perceptual or Vernacular : based on our feelings and images 1. Yankee Nation 2. The “south” 3. A gang’s turf

26. Election 2000: Regional Differences Fig. 1-10: Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences in regional voting patterns.

27. Why do you think this is a functional area?

28. What do you associate with the South?  Where is “The South” and what determines where that is?

29. Vernacular Regions Fig. 1-12: A number of factors are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.

30. Similarity of Different Places  Scale: From local to global  Globalization of economy-the world is shrinking in size--communication  Globalization of culture—western cultural influences…good or bad?  Space: Distribution of features  Distribution—measures how “things” are distributed in a given area—IE houses in Annapolis  Gender and ethnic diversity in space— where do people live? Travel? Work?

31. –Spatial interaction –Faster Travel, communication –Interaction—some barriers such as language, culture or physical—oceans –Distance Decay—the farther away one group is from another, the less likely the two will interact –Diffusion—How a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time –The place of origin-- hearth Connections Between Places

32. Globalization of the Economy Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.

33. Density, Concentration, and Pattern Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may each vary in an area or landscape. Arithmetic Density: the total number of people per square mile Physiological density: the number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture Agricultural density: the number of farmers per unit area of farmland

34. Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000 Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.

35. Airline Route Networks Fig. 1-21: Delta Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.

36.  Expansion Diffusion—the spread of a feature from one place to another.  Can be accomplished in one of three ways:  Hierarchical diffusion—The spread of ideas from authority (Soccer: began in England when it was a world super power)  Contagious diffusion—The rapid, wide-spread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population  AIDS, silly bands  Stimulus diffusion—The spread of an underlying principle. More modern in nature—use of computers  The use of a mouse on computers  Diffusion of Culture and Economy  Global economy is centered on three core/hearth regions  North America, Western Europe and Japan  Uneven development—The increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery.  TV/Computers/Cell phones/IPODS Diffusion

37. AIDS Diffusion in the U.S., 1981–2001 Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in 1981. They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.

38. You’re off to a great start!