1. Audit Risk

2. "Audit risk" means the risk that the auditor gives an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements are materially misstated Audit risk has three components: inherent risk, control risk and detection risk

3. Audit Risk "Inherent risk" is the –susceptibility of an account balance or class of transactions to –misstatement that could be material, individually or when aggregated with misstatements in other balances or classes, –assuming that there were no related internal controls.

4. Audit Risk "Control risk" is the risk –that a misstatement that could occur in an account balance or class of transactions –and that could be material individually or when aggregated with misstatements in other balances or classes, –will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis by the accounting and internal control systems.

5. Audit Risk "Detection risk" is the risk –that an auditor's substantive procedures will not detect a –misstatement that exists in an account balance or class of transactions –that could be material, individually or when aggregated with misstatements in other balances or classes.

6. Audit Risk Model There is a multiplicative relationship between these three components Audit Risk = Inherent Risk * Control Risk * Detection Risk AR = IR * CR * DR The significance of this relationship is that if one component becomes ‘0’ (zero) the result becomes zero But, practically this is impossible as there are several limitations of both internal control systems and the concept of auditing

7. Audit Risk Model This Risk Model can be used as a planning model. Detection risk is the only controllable element out of the 3 risks, by the auditor. Hence, the above model can be rewritten as follows; DR = AR/ (IR * CR) – (by cross multiplication) For planning purposes ‘DR’ will be renamed as ‘Planned Detection Risk - PDR’ and AR will be renamed as ‘Acceptable Audit Risk - AAR’ IR and CR taken together is known as “Combined Risk”.

8. Planned Detection Risk Inherent Risk Control Risk Acceptable Audit Risk Planned Detection Risk Inherent Risk Control Risk Acceptable Audit Risk

9. FACTORS AFFECTING ACCEPTABLE AUDIT RISK The Degree of Which External Users Rely on the Statements The Likelihood that a Client Will Have Financial Difficulties after the Audit Report Is Issued The Likelihood that a Client Will Have Financial Difficulties after the Audit Report Is Issued The Auditor’s Evaluation of Management’s Integrity Impact of Business Risk on Acceptable Audit Risk

10. Acceptable Audit Risk Risk that the auditor fails to modify opinion when financial statements are misstated Risk that the auditor fails to modify opinion when financial statements are misstated Depends upon use of financial statements Client’sfinancialposition

11. Planned Detection Risk Risk that the auditor fails to detect a material error Determines amount of evidence Determines amount of evidence Dependent variable because it is Dependent variable because it is determined by other risk model factors determined by other risk model factors Determines amount of evidence Determines amount of evidence Dependent variable because it is Dependent variable because it is determined by other risk model factors determined by other risk model factors DecreaseMore evidence PDRrequired

12. Factors affecting Inherent Risk Factors can be identified at two levels –At the Financial Statement Level –At the Account Balance and Class of Transactions Level At the Financial Statement Level –The integrity of management. –Management experience and knowledge and changes in management during the period, for example, the inexperience of management may affect the preparation of the financial statements of the entity.

13. Factors affecting Inherent Risk –Unusual pressures on management, for example, large number of business failures or an entity that lacks sufficient capital to continue operations. –The nature of the entity's business, for example, the potential for technological obsolescence of its products and services, the significance of related parties and the number of locations and geographical spread of its production facilities. –Factors affecting the industry in which the entity operates, for example, economic and competitive conditions as identified by financial trends and ratios, and changes in technology.

14. Factors affecting Inherent Risk At the Account Balance and Class of Transactions Level –Financial statement accounts likely to be susceptible to misstatement, for example, accounts which involve a high degree of estimation. –The complexity of underlying transactions and other events which might require using the work of an expert. –The degree of judgment involved in determining account balances. –Susceptibility of assets to loss or misappropriation, for example, assets which are highly desirable and movable such as cash. –The completion of unusual and complex transactions, particularly at or near period end. –Transactions not subjected to ordinary processing.

15. Control Risk Considerations The preliminary assessment of control risk is the process of evaluating the effectiveness of an entity's accounting and internal control systems in preventing or detecting and correcting material misstatements. There will always be some control risk because of the inherent limitations of any accounting and internal control system.

16. Documentation of Understanding and Assessment of Control Risk Different techniques may be used to document information relating to accounting and internal control systems. Selection of a particular technique is a matter for the auditor's judgment. Common techniques, used alone or in combination, are narrative descriptions, questionnaires, check lists and flow charts. The form and extent of this documentation is influenced by the size and complexity of the entity and the nature of the entity's accounting and internal control systems.

17. Relationship Between the Assessments of Inherent and Control Risks Management often reacts to inherent risk situations by designing accounting and internal control systems to prevent or detect and correct misstatements and therefore, in many cases, inherent risk and control risk are highly interrelated. In such situations, if the auditor attempts to assess inherent and control risks separately, there is a possibility of inappropriate risk assessment. As a result, audit risk may be more appropriately determined in such situations by making a combined assessment.

18. Detection Risk The auditor should consider the assessed levels of inherent and control risks in determining the nature, timing and extent of substantive procedures required to reduce audit risk to an acceptable level. Regardless of the assessed levels of inherent and control risks, the auditor should perform some substantive procedures for material account balances and classes of transactions.

19. Communication of Weaknesses As a result of obtaining an understanding of the accounting and internal control systems and tests of control, the auditor may become aware of weaknesses in the systems. The auditor should make management aware, as soon as practical and at an appropriate level of responsibility, of material weaknesses in the design or operation of the accounting and internal control systems, which have come to the auditor's attention. The communication to management of material weaknesses would ordinarily be in writing.