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Geography notes September 4, 2013. Sources of Information -Prehistory: period of time before writing. -Before writing, people could only leave physical.

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Presentation on theme: "Geography notes September 4, 2013. Sources of Information -Prehistory: period of time before writing. -Before writing, people could only leave physical."— Presentation transcript:

1 Geography notes September 4, 2013

2 Sources of Information -Prehistory: period of time before writing. -Before writing, people could only leave physical evidence of their lives. This included: -Remains of settlements and graves.

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4 Types of Sources -Primary Sources: Historical records such as documents and artifacts that come from the time being studied. -Examples: land deeds, written speeches, military orders, letters, and blueprints -Secondary Sources: Historical writings dating from a time later than the one being studied. -Examples: history books and reference books.

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7 Map Projections -Projections: methods of representing the round world on flat paper. Different projections are used for different purposes: one may show continents accurately, but not distance.

8 Common Projections -Mercator -Rectangular. -Accurately shows areas around the Equator. -Heavily distorts the polar areas. -Robinson -Has rounded edges. -Some polar distortion. -Widely used due to accuracy and little distortion.

9 Mercator Projection

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11 Latitude vs. Longitude -Latitude: imaginary lines that cross the globe from East to West. -They are also known as parallels. -The Equator: 0 degrees latitude. -Longitude: imaginary lines that cross the globe from North to South. -They are also known as meridians. -The Prime Meridian: 0 degrees longitude

12 latitude

13 longitude

14 Types of Maps -Political Maps: maps that show human-made features, such as national boundaries, cities, and roads. -Physical Maps: maps that show natural features such as landforms, elevation, and bodies of water. -Historical Maps: maps that show features as they were at certain times in the past.

15 Political map

16 Physical map

17 Historical map

18 Map Tools -Cardinal Directions: North, South, East and West. -Compass Rose: tool used to show direction on a map. -Map Key/Legend: shows the meaning of special symbols on maps. -Scale Bar: shows distance on a map. -Contours: show levels of elevation. -Crosshatching and Shading: two ways of showing various features on a map: -Crosshatching: two sets of lines crossing each other. -Shading: an area of gray, black, or another color.

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24 Geographic Influence on Development Geography-The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity. -Early civilizations developed along river valleys to have water for farming and larger populations. -Rivers, seas, and oceans provided the fastest and easiest method of transporting goods and people. -Mountains and deserts have helped to isolate or protect civilizations near them..

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