1. Fig

2. A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves
Fig
A Trinidad tree mantid that
mimics dead leaves
A flower mantid in Malaysia
A leaf mantid in
Costa Rica

3. A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves
Fig a
A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves

4. A leaf mantid in Costa Rica
Fig b
A leaf mantid in Costa Rica

5. A flower mantid in Malaysia
Fig c
A flower mantid in Malaysia

6. Darwin begins analyzing his specimens and writing his
Fig
1837
Darwin begins analyzing his
specimens and writing his
notebooks on the origin
of species.
1809
Lamarck
publishes
his theory
of evolution.
1844
Darwin writes his essay
on the origin of species.
1830
Lyell publishes
Principles of Geology.
1865
Mendel publishes
papers on genetics.
1800
1870
1809
Charles Darwin
is born.
1859
Darwin publishes
The Origin of Species.
1858
Wallace sends an
account of his
theory to Darwin.
1831–36
Darwin travels
around the world
on the HMS Beagle.
Green sea turtle in the
Galápagos Islands

7. Green sea turtle in the Galápagos Islands
Fig a
Green sea turtle in the Galápagos Islands

8. Fig b

9. Fig c

10. Fig d

11. Fig. 13-03 Darwin in 1840 Great Britain Asia Europe North America
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
HMS Beagle
Africa
Galápagos
Islands
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Pinta
Genovesa
Equator
Marchena
South
America
Equator
Santiago
Daphne Islands
Australia
Fernandina
Pinzón
Cape of
Good Hope
Isabela
Santa
Cruz
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Santa Fe
Andes
San
Cristobal
40 km
Florenza
Española
Cape Horn
Tasmania
40 miles
New
Zealand
Tierra del Fuego

12. Fig a
Darwin in 1840

13. Fig b
HMS Beagle

14. Santa Cruz Santa Fe San Cristobal
Fig c
Galápagos
Islands
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Pinta
Genovesa
Marchena
Equator
Santiago
Daphne Islands
Pinzón
Fernandina
Isabela
Santa
Cruz
Santa Fe
San
Cristobal
Florenza
40 km
Española
40 miles

15. Fig

16. Fig a

17. Fig b

18. Fig

19. Fig

20. Fig

21. Fig

22. Koala Common ringtail possum Common wombat Red kangaroo Australia
Fig
Australia
Koala
Common
ringtail
possum
Common wombat
Red kangaroo

23. Common ringtail possum
Fig a
Common ringtail possum

24. Fig b
Red kangaroo

25. Fig c
Koala

26. Fig d
Common wombat

27. Fig
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat

28. Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chicken embryo Human embryo
Fig
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Chicken embryo
Human embryo

29. Fig a
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Chicken embryo

30. Fig b
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Human embryo

31. Percent of selected DNA sequences that match a chimpanzee’s DNA
Fig
Primate
Percent of selected DNA sequences
that match a chimpanzee’s DNA
92%
96%
100%
Chimpanzee
Human
Gorilla
Orangutan
Gibbon
Old World
monkey

32. (b) The small tree finch (c) The woodpecker finch
Fig
(a) The large
ground finch
(b) The small tree finch
(c) The woodpecker finch

33. (a) The large ground finch
Fig a
(a) The large ground finch

34. (b) The small tree finch
Fig b
(b) The small tree finch

35. (c) The woodpecker finch
Fig c
(c) The woodpecker finch

36. Fig
Spore
cloud

37. Fig

38. Insecticide application
Fig
Insecticide application
Chromosome with gene
conferring resistance
to pesticide

39. Insecticide application
Fig
Insecticide application
Chromosome with gene
conferring resistance
to pesticide

40. Insecticide application
Fig
Insecticide application
Chromosome with gene
conferring resistance
to pesticide
Survivors
Reproduction

41. (a) A flat-tailed horned lizard 20 Length (mm)
Fig
Live
Killed
(a) A flat-tailed horned lizard 20
Length (mm)
Live 10
Killed
Rear horns
Side horns
(tip to tip)
(b) The remains of a lizard impaled
by a shrike
(c) Results of measurement of lizard horns

42. (a) A flat-tailed horned lizard
Fig a
(a) A flat-tailed horned lizard

43. (b) The remains of a lizard impaled by a shrike
Fig b
(b) The remains of a lizard impaled by a shrike

44. (c) Results of measurement of lizard horns
Fig c
Live
Killed 20
Length (mm)
Live 10
Killed
Rear horns
Side horns
(tip to tip)
(c) Results of measurement of lizard horns

45. Lungfishes Amphibians Tetrapods Mammals Amniotes Tetrapod limbs
Fig
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Tetrapods
Mammals
Tetrapod
limbs
Amniotes
Lizards
and snakes
Amnion
Crocodiles
Ostriches
Birds
Feathers
Hawks and
other birds

46. (a) Two dense populations of trees separated by a lake
Fig
(a) Two dense populations of
trees separated by a lake
(b) A nighttime satellite view of
North America

47. (a) Two dense populations of trees separated by a lake
Fig a
(a) Two dense populations of
trees separated by a lake

48. (b) A nighttime satellite view of North America
Fig b
(b) A nighttime satellite view of North America

49. Fig

50. Fig

51. Allele frequencies p  0.8 (R) q  0.2 (r) Eggs R r p  0.8 q  0.2 RR
Fig
Allele frequencies
p  0.8
(R)
q  0.2
(r)
Eggs R r
p  0.8
q  0.2 RR Rr
p2  0.64
pq  0.16 R
p  0.8
Sperm rR rr
q2  0.04 r
qp  0.16
q  0.2
p2  0.64
q2  0.04
Genotype frequencies
2pq  0.32
(RR)
(Rr)
(rr)

52. INGREDIENTS: SORBITOL, MAGNESIUM STEARATE, ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR,
Fig
INGREDIENTS: SORBITOL,
MAGNESIUM STEARATE,
ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR,
ASPARTAME† (SWEETENER),
ARTIFICIAL COLOR
(YELLOW 5 LAKE, BLUE 1
LAKE), ZINC GLUCONATE.
†PHENYLKETONURICS:
CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE

53. p (frequency of R)  0.7 q (frequency of r)  0.3
Fig RR RR Rr rr RR Rr RR Rr RR Rr
Generation 1
p (frequency of R)  0.7
q (frequency of r)  0.3

54. p (frequency of R)  0.7 q (frequency of r)  0.3 p  0.5 q  0.5
Fig rr RR RR RR
Only 5 of
10 plants
leave
offspring Rr Rr rr RR RR rr Rr Rr RR Rr rr RR RR Rr Rr Rr
Generation 1
Generation 2
p (frequency of R)  0.7
q (frequency of r)  0.3
p  0.5
q  0.5

55. RR RR rr RR RR Only 5 of 10 plants leave offspring Only 2 of 10 plants
Fig RR RR rr RR RR
Only 5 of
10 plants
leave
offspring
Only 2 of
10 plants
leave
offspring Rr Rr RR RR rr RR RR rr RR RR Rr Rr RR RR RR rr RR Rr RR RR RR Rr Rr Rr RR
Generation 1
Generation 2
Generation 3
p (frequency of R)  0.7
q (frequency of r)  0.3
p  0.5
q  0.5
p  1.0
q  0.0

56. Fig
Original
population

57. Original population Bottlenecking event
Fig
Original
population
Bottlenecking
event

58. Original population Bottlenecking event Surviving population
Fig
Original
population
Bottlenecking
event
Surviving
population

59. Fig

60. South America Tristan da Cunha
Fig
Africa
South
America
Tristan da
Cunha

61. Fig a

62. Fig b
Africa
South
America
Tristan da Cunha

63. Fig

64. Fig

65. Phenotypes (fur color)
Fig
of individuals
Frequency
Original
population
Evolved
population
Phenotypes (fur color)
Original
population
(a) Directional selection
(b) Disruptive selection
(c) Stabilizing selection

66. (a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species (b) Competing for mates
Fig
(a) Sexual dimorphism in
a finch species
(b) Competing for mates

67. (a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species
Fig a
(a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species

68. (b) Competing for mates
Fig b
(b) Competing for mates

69. Frequencies of the sickle-cell allele 0–2.5% 2.5–5.0% 5.0–7.5%
Fig
Colorized SEM
Frequencies of the
sickle-cell allele
0–2.5%
2.5–5.0%
5.0–7.5%
7.5–10.0%
Areas with high
incidence of
malaria
10.0–12.5%
12.5%

70. Fig a
Frequencies of the
sickle-cell allele
0–2.5%
2.5–5.0%
5.0–7.5%
7.5–10.0%
Areas with high
incidence of
malaria
10.0–12.5%
12.5%

71. Fig b
Colorized SEM

72. Fig. 13-UN01
Frequency of
one allele
Frequency of
alternate allele

73. Frequency of homozygotes for one allele Frequency of heterozygotes
Fig. 13-UN02
Frequency of
homozygotes
for one allele
Frequency of
heterozygotes
Frequency of
homozygotes
for alternate allele

74. unequal reproductive success
Fig. 13-UN03
Observations
Conclusion
Overproduction
of offspring
Natural selection:
unequal reproductive success
Individual
variation

75. Frequency of one allele Frequency of alternate allele Frequency of
Fig. 13-UN04
Frequency of
one allele
Frequency of
alternate allele
Frequency of
homozygotes
for one allele
Frequency of
heterozygotes
Frequency of
homozygotes
for alternate allele

76. Directional selection Disruptive selection Stabilizing selection
Fig. 13-UN05
Evolved
population
Original
population
Pressure of
natural selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection