1. 1 Lino Miramonti Milano University and INFN sez. Milano LRT 2004 - Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques (Sudbury, Canada) December 12-14, 2004

2. 2

3. 3 LNGS LNGS - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy

4. 4 Operating Institution Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) LocationGran Sasso Tunnel (Abruzzi, Italy) Excavation1987 Underground area 3 halls A B C (100m x 18m x 20m) + service tunnels Depth1400 m (3800 mwe) Total volume180000 m 3 Surface> 6000 m 2 Permanent staff66 (physicists, technicians, administration) Scientists users450 3 main halls A B C 100 x 18 m 2 (h.20 m)

5. 5 Muon Flux 1.1 μ m -2 h -1 Primordial Radionuclides 238 U6.8 ppmRock(Hall A) 0.42 ppmRock(Hall B) 0.66 ppmRock(Hall C) 1.05 ppmConcreteAll Halls 232 Th2.167 ppmRock(Hall A) 0.062 ppmRock(Hall B) 0.066 ppmRock(Hall C) 0.656 ppmConcreteAll Halls K160 ppmRock Low-level radioactivity measurements issues:  Material selection and sample measurements (HPGe)  Background characterization of halls A,B,C with portable HPGe detector (Gamma spectrometry and directional photon flux)  Radiocarbon and tritium measurements (Radiodating Laboratory)  Radon groundwater monitoring (Environmental and geophysical monitoring of the Gran Sasso aquifer)  Development and characterization of new detectors (for nuclear spectrometry of environmental radioactivity) Neutron Flux 1.08 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 (0-0.05 eV) 1.84 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 (0.05 eV- 1 keV) 0.54 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 (1 keV-2.5 MeV) 0.32 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 (> 2.5 MeV)

6. 6 detectortotal and peak background count rate [d -1 kg -1 Ge ] 40-2700 keV352 keV583 keV1461 keV GeBer36863.31.54.6 GeMi6115.62.15.2 GePV4822.82.13.2 GsOr4692.40.764.3 GePaolo2260.830.381.4 GeCris87<0.39<0.291.0 GeMPI30<0.20<0.150.36 HPGe Hall (32 m 2 floor) LABORATORY FOR LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS Present: 32 m 2 on one floor in service tunnel Future: 60 m 2 distributed on three floors in hall A

7. 7 Completed experiments Atm ν, MonopolesMACRO (Streamer tubes + Liquid scintillators) Solar neutrinosGALLEX / GNO (~ 30 T Gallium radiochemical detector) ββHeidelberg-Moscow (~ 11 kg enriched 76Ge detectors) Mibeta (~ 7 kg Bolometers TeO 2 ) Dark MatterDAMA (~ 100 kg NaI detectors)

8. 8 Running experiments ββCuoricino(~ 41 kg TeO 2 crystals) Dark MatterCRESST(Sapphire cryodetector & CaWO 4 crystals (phonons+scintillation)) LIBRA(~ 250 kg NaI crystals) HDMS / Genius-TF(Ge detector 73 Ge enriched) Supernova neutrinosLVD(Streamer tubes + Liquid scintillator) Nuclear astrophysicsLUNA(Accelerator)

9. 9 Under construction CERN-GS beam ν OPERA(Emulsion) ICARUS(~ 600 T Liquid Argon) Solar NeutrinosBorexino(~ 300 T Liquid scintillator) Planned & proposed ββ CUORE(~ 750 kg Te0 2 ) GERDA( 76 Ge) Nuclear astrophysicsLUNA-III Gravitational wavesLISA R&D Dark matterLiquid Xe / Liquid Ar

10. 10 LSM LSM - Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, France

11. 11 Operating Institutions CEA/DSM & CNRS/IN2P3 LocationFréjus Tunnel (Italian-French border) Excavation1983 Underground area 1 main hall (30m x 10m x 11m) + gamma spectroscopy hall (70 m 2 ) + 2 secondary halls of 18 m 2 and 21 m 2 Depth1700 m (4800 mwe) Surface> 400 m 2 Permanent staff4 Scientists users100 1 Main hall 30 x 10m 2 (h 11m ) + gamma spectr. hall (70 m 2 ) + 2 secondary halls of 18 m 2 and 21 m 2

12. 12 Neutron Flux 1.6 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 (0-0.63 eV) 4 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 (2-6 MeV) Muon Flux 0.17 μ m -2 h -1 Primordial Radionuclides 238 U0.84 ppmRock 1.9 ppmConcrete 232 Th2.45 ppmRock 1.4 ppmConcrete K213 Bq/kgRock 77 Bq/kgConcrete 13 HPGe from 6 different laboratoris of CNRS and CEA are available at LSM Material selection for fundamental physics Samples measurement for environmental control, earth science, archeology, biology, dating measurement. HPGe dedicated to Edelweiss exp. background count rate [d -1 kg -1 Ge ] 212 ± 4 for E > 30 keV

13. 13 Completed experiments p decay & Atm νFrejus proton decay exp(Fe and flash chamber). ββ NEMO-I(prototype NemoIII) NEMO-II(prototype NemoIII) TGV(Stack of Ge detectors with sheets of DBD candidates) Dark MatterEDELWEISS-I(1 kg Ge bolometer heat+ionization) Running experiments and Under construction ββ NEMO-III(Tracking + calorimeter) Dark MatterEDELWEISS-II(10 to 35 kg Ge heat+ioniz.)

14. 14 LSC LSC - Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc, Spain Tobazo's peak

15. 15 Canfranc railway tunnel entrance Operating Institutions Zaragoza University LocationRailway tunnel of Somport (Canfranc, Pyrenes) 7.5 km Excavation1986 [lab1] – 1994 [lab3] Underground area 2 small halls [lab1] + Main hall [lab3] Depth200 m (675 mwe) [lab1] – 900 m (2450 mwe) [lab3] Surface36 m 2 [lab1] – 118 m 2 [lab3] Permanent staff7 Scientists users35 2 small halls [Lab1] 36 m 2 + 1 Main hall [Lab3] 20 x 5 m 2 (h 4.5 m) Mobile Lab (now dismounted) Now used only to store materials

16. 16 Neutron Flux 3.82 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 [integrated] (neutrons from radioactivity) 1.73 10 -9 n cm -2 s -1 [integrated] (muon-induced neutrons in rock) Muon Flux 7.2 μ m -2 h -1 Gamma Flux 2·10 -2  cm -2 s -1 The AMBAR installation for measuring low contents of radioactive contaminants in materials intended for low-background experiments Low temperature installation with the 2x2x3 m 3 Faraday cage located at Lab 3

17. 17 Completed & Running experiments ββ IGEX-2β (~ 9 kg enriched Ge detectors) Dark MatterIGEX-DM (~ 2 kg enriched Ge detectors) COSME (small Ge detectors) NaI32 / ANAIS (NaI Crystals) ROSEBUD (Bolometers: Sapphire, Ge, BGO, CaW0 4 ) Under construction ββ GEDEON Dark MatterROSEBUD II

18. 18 Main Hall 40 x 15 m (h=11 m) RAILWAY TUNNEL ROAD TUNNEL Ultra-Low background Facility 15 x 10 m (h=8 m) Old Laboratoy 20 x 5 m (h=4.5 m) installations, clean rooms & offices Access gallery The new Canfranc Underground Laboratory Civil works for the construction of a new underground Laboratory are underway Characteristic of the new LSC Depth900 m (2450 mwe) Main experimental hall 600 m 2 (oriented to CERN) Low background lab 150 m 2 Clean room45 m 2 (100/1000 type) General services 135 m 2 Offices80 m 2 It should be finished next summer 2005 The first call for proposals will be announced soon

19. 19 IUS IUS – Boulby Mine Laboratory, UK

20. 20 Operating Institution Institute for Underground Physics University of Sheffield LocationPotash mine, Boulby (UK) Excavation1988 (Stub 2) – 1995 (Stub 2a) – 1998 (H area) – 2003 (JIF area) Depth850 m (2250 mwe) to 1300 m (3600 mwe) Surface3000 m 2 Permanent staff2 Scientists users30 [Stub2] 300 m 2 + [Stub2a] 150 m 2 + [H area] + 900 m 2 + [JIF area] 2500 m 2

21. 21 Neutron Flux 2.8 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 (> 100 keV) 1.3 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 (> 1 MeV) Muon Flux 1.5 μ m -2 h -1 Primordial Radionuclides 238 U70 ppbRock 232 Th125 ppbRock K1130 ppmRock Low background facility (located in the Stub A of JIF area) 0.5 T swing crane Ultra Low HPGe - Development of the Ge facility at Boulby is currently awaiting completion of the laboratory infrastructure. The Boulby Mine facility hosts a 2 kg (400cc) Germanium detector, used for material radiopurity measurements (20cm of lead as outer shielding and 8 cm of copper as the inner shielding plus Radon steel box) the setup will be sensitive to contamination of samples at the level of 0.1- 0.2 ppb Ultra Low NaI - A NaI crystal from the NaIAD experiment will be installed in the clean room low background facility for crude bulk tests of activity (Pulse Shape Analysis). Plan for JIF Low Background Lab (Stub A) Plan for JIF Low Background Lab (Stub A)

22. 22 Completed Experiments Dark MatterNaIAD (~ 50kg NaI array detector) ZEPLIN-I(~ 4 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector) Running experiments Dark Matter ZEPLIN-II (~ 30 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector) DRIFT (Low pressure gaseous TPC)

23. 23 FranceCommissariat a l’Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie Trento, European Gravitational Observatory GermanyMax Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität München, Max Planck Institut für Physik Muenchen, Eberhardt, Karls Universität Tubingen SpainZaragoza University UKSheffield University, Glasgow University, London University Czech RepCzech Technical Univ. in Prague DenmarkUniversity of Southern Denmark NetherlandLeiden University FinlandUniversity of Jyväskylä SlovakiaComenius University Bratislavia GreeceAristot University of Thessaloniki Integrated Large Infrastructures for Astroparticle Science ILIAS ILIAS is an initiative supported by the European Union ( 6 th Framework Programme ) with the aim to support the European large infrastructures operating in the astroparticle physics sector.

24. 24 activities The ILIAS project is based on 3 groups of activities : Networking Activities N2Deep Underground science laboratories (N2) Deep Underground science laboratories (N3) Direct dark matter detection (N4) Search on double beta decay (N5) Gravitational wave research (N6) Theoretical astroparticle physics Joint Research Activities (R&D Projects) JRA1Low background techniques for Deep Underground Science (JRA1) Low background techniques for Deep Underground Science (JRA2) Double beta decay European observatory (JRA3) Study of thermal noise reduction in gravitational wave detectors Transnational Access Activities TA1Access to the EU Deep Underground Laboratories (TA1) Access to the EU Deep Underground Laboratories

25. 25 JRA1 () : JRA1 (Joint Research Activities 1) : (LBT-DUSL) Low background techniques for deep underground sciences (LBT-DUSL) Objectives:  Background identification and measurement (intrinsic, induced, environmental)  Background rejection techniques (shielding, vetoes, discrimination) Objectives:  Background identification and measurement (intrinsic, induced, environmental)  Background rejection techniques (shielding, vetoes, discrimination) A vast R&D programme on the improvement and implementation of ultra-low background techniques will be carried out cooperatively in the 4 European Underground Laboratories. Working packages WP1: Measurements of the backgrounds in the underground labs WP2: Implementation of background MC simulation codes WP3: Ultra-low background techniques and facilities WP4: Radiopurity of materials and purification techniques

26. 26 A fifth Underground Laboratory within ILIAS: The CUPP - Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi The project to host an underground laboratory in the mine was started in 1993, and the Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi (CUPP) was physically established in 2001. The old part of the mine: There will be plenty of free space to host and storage experiments The new mine started to operate in July 2001. It extends to the depth of 1440 m (4000 mwe). The largest cavern that can be easily constructed is 100 x 15 x 20 m 3. An example of the layout 238 U27.8 – 44.5 Bq/m 3 232 Th4.0 - 18.7 Bq/m 3 226 Ra9.9 – 26.0 Bq/m 3 40 K267 – 625 Bq/m 3 Rn10 to 148 Bq/m 3 A preliminary study, including some background measurement and rock analysis has been made

27. 27 SUL SUL - Solotvina Underground Laboratory It was constructed in 1984 by the Institute for Nuclear Research (Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences). It is situated on the west of Ukraine, in Solotvina near the border with Romania. The principal scientific goal is the search of double beta decay 1 Main hall 30 x 20 m2 (h 8 m) + 4 small halls 3 x 6 m 2 (h 3 m) Muon Flux 62 μ m -2 h -1 Neutron Flux < 2.7 10 -6 n cm -2 s -1 (integrated) Primordial Radionuclides Due to a low radioactive contamination of salt, the natural gamma background in the SUL is 10-100 times lower than in other underground laboratories