1. What is this saying about Theodore Roosevelt and his foreign policy?
"speak softly, and carry a big stick.“ Theodore Roosevelt
TR and his Big Stick In the Caribbean, 1904, by W.A. Rogers

2. The Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy
1901 becomes President - What do we already know about him?
1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
“international police power”
Caribbean = America’s lake
“Speak softly and carry a big stick”… Big Stick Diplomacy
Was he inspired? Arrogant? Visionary? Imperialist?
The Monroe Doctrine had originally been intended to keep European nations out of Latin America, but the Roosevelt corollary was used as a justification for U.S. intervention in Latin America.
Defensive interests demanded that the Caribbean be kept as an “American lake.”
Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.
-negotiate but have your army ready and in clear sight
-told newspaper “manifest destiny” for country to own others which border it shores

3. Roosevelt, 1904
Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the western hemisphere, the adherence of the U.S. to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of international police power.
What is Roosevelt saying??
Three European nations had blockaded Venezuela's ports, violating the Monroe Doctrine's unilateral declaration that Europe should not interfere in the Americas. Meanwhile, an international court in The Hague in the Netherlands had ruled that a creditor nation that had used force would receive preference in repayment of a loan. Further, Roosevelt had recently gained the right to build the Panama Canal; he believed that any threat to the canal threatened U.S. strategic and economic interests.

4. Just at the moment I am so angry with that infernal little Cuban republic that I would like to wipe its people off the face of the earth. All that we wanted from them was that they would behave themselves and be prosperous and happy so that we would not have to interfere.

5. T.R. Intervenes in Panama, 1903, by Scar

6. Panama or Bust," The New York Times, 1903, artist unknown

7. The Man Who Can Make Dirt Fly
Corbis
The Man Who Can Make Dirt Fly

8. New York World
Coup d'Etat, 1903

9. The Panama Canal Panama (Spain to Colombia in 1821)
French tried to build a canal in 1880s
Sell rights to US for $40 million
1902 US wanted to try – Colombian resistance
"You could no more make an agreement with them than you could nail currant jelly to a wall," Roosevelt
Panamanian Revolution – 1903 independent (US warships)
Roosevelt, “Panama rebelled as one man”
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903
10 mile wide strip, $10 million, $250,000 annual, guaranteed Panamanian independence
1914 canal opens
25,000 died in total - $375 million
In 1523, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V commissioned a survey of the Isthmus of Panama and several plans for a canal were produced, but none ever implemented.
U.S. interest in building a canal was sparked with the expansion of the American West and the California gold rush in 1848.
Ferdinand de Lesseps—the builder of the Suez Canal in Egypt—the French began excavating in Malaria, yellow fever, and other tropical diseases conspired against the de Lesseps campaign and after 9 years and a loss of approximately 20,000 lives, the French attempt went bankrupt.
Torrential rains averaging 200 inches a year washed away much of the work. Yellow fever, typhoid, snake bites, accidents
America's 1898 war with Spain made a canal seem essential. During the Spanish American War, the only way for U.S. battleships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean was to make an 8,000 mile journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America.
On June 19, 1902, the U.S. Senate voted in favor of building the canal through Panama. Within 6 months, Secretary of State John Hay signed a treaty with Colombian Foreign Minister Tomás Herrán to build the new canal. The financial terms were unacceptable to Colombia’s congress, and it rejected the offer.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla meets with Pres. Roosevelt in Washington and tells him that a group in Panama are planning a rebellion. He asks that the US prevent any Colombian troops from landing to break the rebellion, but receives no certain assurances.
The Colombian Senate's rejection of the treaty confronted these French investors with the prospect of losing everything. At this point, the French company's chief lobbyist (and a major stockholder), Philippe Bunau-Varilla went into action. Justly confident that the Roosevelt administration would support his initiative, from a suite in the Waldorf-Astoria hotel in New York,[3] Bunau-Varilla arranged for the Panama City fire department to stage a revolution against Colombia. The United States Navy gunboat USS Nashville was dispatched to local waters around the city of Colón, where a force of 474 Colombian soldiers had landed and was preparing to cross the isthmus and crush the rebellion – 57 years policed Bogota’s interests (colombia) then stopped!!
A French adventurer, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, and an American lawyer, Nelson Cromwell, conceived of the idea of creating the Republic of Panama. They persuaded Roosevelt to support a Panama. Bunau-Varilla engineered a revolution and U.S. warships prevented Colombia from stopping Panama's attempt to break away (In 1921, the U.S. paid an indemnity to Colombia in recognition of the U.S. role in the Panamanian revolution). Bunau-Varilla repaid the United States for its assistance by signing a treaty on behalf of the Panamanians, which gave the United States a zone stretching five miles from each bank of the canal in perpetuity. Within the zone, U.S. laws, police, and courts ruled.
Years later, President Roosevelt said that the people of Panama rebelled against Colombia "literally as one man." A senator quipped, "Yes, and the one man was Roosevelt."
During construction drained swamps to stop yellow fever, malaria, et cetera - William Gorgas, an army physician
The French had attempted to build a canal at sea level, but grossly underestimated the difficulty of achieving this goal. To allow ships to travel between the oceans, American engineers designed a system of locks capable of raising and lowering ships 64 feet by using the force of gravity and 40-horsepower motors to move the gates. One set of locks used enough concrete to build a wall 8-feet thick and 12-feet high, stretching between Cleveland and Pittsburgh.
Between 1904 and 1915, some 5,600 lives were lost to disease and accidents. Most of those who died were from Barbados. The quinine used to treat malaria left many workers deaf. In December 1908, a massive 22 tons of dynamite exploded prematurely, killing 23 workers.
Over 56,000 people worked on the canal between 1904 and Panama declaires its independence from Colombia. After a one-day coup, in which an American warship offshore prevented Colombia from quelling the revolt, Panama declares independence. A jubilant President Theodore Roosevelt recognizes the new republic three days later.
The new Panamanian government authorized French businessman Philippe Bunau-Varilla, to negotiate a treaty with the United States.

11. The earth and rubble removed between Colon and Balboa was enough to bury Manhattan to a depth of 12 feet.
Length of Canal from Atlantic to Pacific 51 miles

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lufdPIRgxtY (223 ish)

13. Is this right?
“I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate; and while the debate goes on the Canal does also.”
How it works:
2:19 min
48 mile-long (77 km) international waterway - saving about 8000 miles (12,875 km) from a journey around the southern tip of South America, Cape Horn
the Panama Canal was successfully built from 1904 to 1914.
The division of the country of Panama into two parts by the U.S. territory of the Canal Zone caused tension throughout the twentieth century. Additionally, the self-contained Canal Zone (the official name for the U.S. territory in Panama) contributed little to the Panamanian economy. The residents of the Canal Zone were primarily U.S. citizens and West Indians who worked in the Zone and on the canal.
Anger flared in the 1960s and led to anti-American riots.
In 1977, U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed a treaty which agreed to return 60% of the Canal Zone to Panama in The canal and remaining territory, known as the Canal Area, was returned to Panama at noon (local Panama time) on December 31, 1999.
Additionally, from 1979 to 1999, a bi-national transitional Panama Canal Commission ran the canal, with an American leader for the first decade and a Panamanian administrator for the second. The transition at the end of 1999 was very smooth, for over 90% of the canal employees were Panamanian by 1996.
The 1977 treaty established the canal as a neutral international waterway and even in times of war any vessel is guaranteed safe passage. After the 1999 hand-over, the U.S. and Panama jointly shared duties in defending the canal.
Though traffic continues to increase through the canal, many oil supertankers and military battleships and aircraft carriers can not fit through the canal.
It takes approximately fifteen hours to traverse the canal through its three sets of locks (about half the time is spent waiting due to traffic).
In September, 2007 work began on a $5.2 billion project to expand the Panama Canal. Expected to be complete in 2014, the Panama Canal expansion project will allow ships double the size
At the end of the 20th century, the canal was no longer essential to U.S. strategic or economic interests. Aircraft carriers and oil tankers were too large to pass through the canal's locks.

14. Summarize the events that led to the creation of the Panama Canal:

15. T.R. Intervenes in Panama, 1903, by Scar

16. Panama or Bust," The New York Times, 1903, artist unknown

17. Library of Congress
"My, my, such possibilities"

18. The Man Who Can Make Dirt Fly
Corbis
The Man Who Can Make Dirt Fly

19. New York World
Coup d'Etat, 1903

20. Make sure to cite specific text & imagery in your answers.
How is Teddy Roosevelt portrayed in your cartoons?
What comment is each cartoonist making about Roosevelt's involvement in the Panama Canal project?
What images of America and its role in global affairs are presented in these cartoons?
What does the cartoon teach you about the Panama Canal?

21. American Diplomacy Outside of the Americas
1900 China becomes an “Open Door”
In 1907, Roosevelt sent the “Great White Fleet” of 16 U.S. warships on the first world naval tour in history
demonstrate military strength.
Beginning with just 90 small ships, over one-third of them wooden, the navy quickly grew to include new modern steel fighting vessels. The hulls of these ships were painted a stark white, giving the armada the nickname "Great White Fleet".[
Roosevelt's stated intent was to give the navy practice in navigation, communication, coal consumption and fleet maneuvering. Navy professionals maintained, however, that such matters could be served better in home waters. In light of what had happened to the Russian Baltic Fleet, they were concerned about sending its fleet on a long deployment, especially since part of the intent was to impress a modern, battle-tested navy that had not known defeat.

22. Roosevelt’s form of diplomacy was:
Smart?
Arrogant?
Imperialist?
Visionary?
Smart
Arrogant
Imperialistic
Visionary (ahead of his time)

23. How do Taft and Wilson Compare?
Taft – Dollar Diplomacy
Wilson – Missionary Diplomacy
Based on the names, what do you think each of these men’s foreign policy will entail?

24. William Howard Taft:
Dollar Diplomacy - “substituting dollars for bullets”
American development would create long lasting peace and security
America would use the military and diplomacy to help promote U.S. business interests overseas
Non colonial imperial expansion… huh???
Why is long term stability in Latin America important to the USA?
.S. government should promote stability in other countries in order to provide opportunities for American investors and companies. In turn, U.S.-backed development would help ensure long-term peace and prosperity for those nations.
Instability in latin america - Instability was regarded as a threat to the security of the nearly completed Panama Canal.
The area was to be made safe for American ships and for American investment dollars

25. Dollar Diplomacy in Action: Central America
Honduras
owed British lots of money
America paid off debts & American business men remained in Honduras
Nicaragua
Revolution 1909 America intervened & helped rebels & put in new government
Revolution of 1911 America defended existing government against rebels –
Took control of country’s finances
Is dollar diplomacy negative or positive?
Any unintended consequences?
Honduras – verge of debt – a lot owed to Britain – talk of English coming in – so American bus men loaned money (backed by US gov) and so USA bankers remained on site to make sure things went as should Nicaragua – rev’l 1909 – wanted US friendly gov’t – intervened on behalf of rebels & put in new gov’t – people rebelled against that gov’t two years later & US intervened again this time to protect govt – sent businessmen there who took control of their finances – collect custom duties – paid debt – returned remainder to friendly gov’t (think china doing better than us so they control our economy)
Honduras. The nation of Honduras had run up huge debts, much of it owed to British investors. The political volatility of the region made the creditors nervous and talk of possible British intervention was heard. The Taft administration sought to avoid tampering from the Old World and sent in American bankers to restore fiscal order. Private funds were employed to stave off the immediate crisis, but the bankers remained on site to administer Honduran financial affairs.
Nicaragua. Nicaragua, southern neighbor of Honduras, experienced a revolution in The United States government hoped to advance the interests of American businessmen and supported the rebels against the reactionary government. U.S. Marines helped to implement a new regime friendly to American commercial interests. Two years later, another uprising occurred and the U.S. took the side of the sitting government. Armed forces were again deployed and remained on site until American bankers were given charge of Nicaraguan finances, collecting customs duties, paying the nation’s debts and returning the remainder to the friendly government.

26. Woodrow Wilson:
“It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs."
Wilson promised the people ambitious domestic reforms in 1912 election
No more big stick & dollar diplomacy…
Any thoughts on this????
Foreign policy was not a major issue during the 1912 presidential election, as that year's Democratic Party Platform demonstrated. The high tide of Progressivism was sweeping the nation, and Wilson, as well as his opponents William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt, promised the American people ambitious domestic reforms.
Wilson believed that the United States, as an exemplar of democratic rule, should promote the spread of democracy. As foreign policy matters began to dominate his attention, Wilson also came to believe that a global organization, or concert, of democratic nations could both spread democracy and prevent non-democratic nations from making war. Without active leadership by the United States, however, such a noble endeavor would fail.

27. Woodrow Wilson: 1913-1921 America’s job to spread democracy
Missionary or Moral diplomacy
Support only democratic countries
Teach other countries, “how to elect good men”
Any of this sound familiar?
Any irony in using force to spread democracy?
Think it will work? Why/why not?
Wilson resolved that the United States would only recognize Latin American governments founded upon law and order, "not upon arbitrary or irregular force." Furthermore, Wilson was willing to use military force to demonstrate to Latin Americans "how to elect good men"
He also hoped American capitalism could aid the promotion of democracy, which he held to be a moral duty of the United States.

28. Missionary Diplomacy in Action: Mexico
Diaz – maintains order & stability in Mexico, HOWEVER a dictator:
No freedom press, jailed opponents, foreign $
1910 election, uprisings & F. Madero President
1913 General Huerta overthrew, jailed then executed Madero
Americans in Mexico asked for help…. Why?
4 Mexican armies rise up all fighting for control & US arrives & supports Carranza
Carranza Rules
1916 – Pancho Villa retaliates
US goes on a Villa man hunt
How would you describe the actions above?
Why does the US get involved? Unintended consequences?
1 billion invested - Huerta Americans Hearst asked helpranch me larger road island Wilson wanted to undue stick dollar but Haiti Dom and nic.
- Support Carr against villa 18 killed mex Nm 19 perching until 1917
Not recog teach elect good men - Amer sailors arrested and did not give 21 salute salute when released - intervene as excuse & abc (argentina, brazil, chile) got rid huerta
In 1911, the dictatorial rule of Porfirio Diaz came to an end in Mexico at the hands of Constitutionalist Francisco Madero, who's intended political and economic reforms threatened foreign-owned land and businesses. (Americans alone possessed some 40 percent of Mexican properties.) A coup resulted in Madero's death and the ascension of Victoriano Huerta. Wilson refused to diplomatically recognize the new government and looked for a reason to intervene in what was now a civil war, as the Constitutionalist Venustiano Carranza led a successful rebellion against Huerta's regime. The arrest of U.S. sailors on April 9, 1914 in Tampico, Mexico, provided an opening. That incident led to intermittent U.S. military actions, including an invasion of northern Mexico, over the next three years.
In July 1915, Wilson dispatched a force of more than 2,000 Marines to Haiti after the assassination of its president, Vilbrun Guillaume, and a hostile reaction to an American proposal to oversee elections. As Wilson explained, the presence and oversight of Marines would demonstrate to Haitians "how to elect good men."
A treaty soon gave the United States control over Haiti's finances, and U.S. martial governance of Haiti, which persisted for 19 years, frequently used harsh methods to quell resistance.
Wilson’s attitudes of white superiority impacted foreign policy & civil rights
In the first, at Veracruz in 1914, the president sought to influence the conflict by controlling the flow of foreign military supplies to Mexico through its chief port. In the second, the 1916 Punitive Expedition headed by Gen. John J. Pershing, Wilson tried to eliminate the “problem” of Francisco “Pancho” Villa and satisfy public outrage in the United States against a Villista raid on Columbus, New Mexico. First, the Mexican president could not maintain order and protect U.S. private and public interests—including the strategically important production of oil and rubber; and second, Huerta was a dictator who had imposed himself on the Mexican republic after murdering his democratically elected predecessor, Francisco Madero. THE DIAZ DICTATORSHIP
Order came with a price
Diaz brought order to Mexico after years of war and unrest
—Dictator Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico
He did not allow freedom of the press
Diaz jailed his opponents
This money help Mexico modernize quickly
Diaz received money from foreign investors including many Americans
He used the army to maintain peace at all cost
Production of factory goods doubled
Most Mexicans did not enjoy the benefits of modernization
Cotton production doubled
Railroads expanded
Wealth was controlled foreign investors and a small Mexican elite
1910—Diaz runs for re-election
OVERTHROWING DIAZ
Most people lived in poverty and opposition to Diaz grew steadily
Diaz controlled the outcome
Madero was released from jail in September 1910 and he promptly fled to Texas
When the votes were counted, Diaz claimed to have a million votes and Madero had less than 200
Just before the voting began, he jailed his opponent, Francisco Madero
May 1911—Diaz resigned and went into exile in France
Nov 1911—Francisco Madero elected president of Mexico
SHAKY LEADERSHIP
He tried to establish democratic government
Huerta names himself president
1913—Madero overthrown, imprisoned, and executed by Huerta
Commander of the Army, Victoriano Huerta, was not loyal to Madero
Four armies rise up against Huerta
THE TAMPICO INCIDENT
1914—President Wilson authorized arms sales to Huerta’s enemies
US did not recognize Huerta’s government
April 9, 1914—9 members of the USS Dolphin go ashore at Tampico for supplies
Wilson ordered the US Navy to seize the city
A German ship loaded with weapons for Huerta was headed for Veracruz
OCCUPYING VERACRUZ
Under a naval bombardment, US Marines landed
Wilson decided to support the more moderate Carranza
He was opposed by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
Venustiano Carranza declared himself leader of the Mexican Revolution in August 1914
They searched for 11 months but did not find Villa
March 1916—Villa led hundreds of men across the US border into Columbus, NM
Pancho Villa retaliated with violence
September 1916—150,000 US National Guard troops were stationed along the Mexican border
A NEW CONSTITUTION FOR MEXICO
January 1917—search for Villa was called off
Attention was beginning to shift to Europe where World War I was raging
December 1916—a constitutional convention called
Fighting in Mexico continued until 1920 and their economy suffered
It protected the liberties and rights of citizens
February 5, 1917—new Mexican constitution goes into effect
Seventeen Americans were killed in the raid, and the center of town was burne
Agriculture was disrupted, mines were abandoned, factories destroyed

29. Besides Mexico, Wilson got involved in:
Haiti
Dominican Republic
Nicaragua

31. This heavy hand had a profound impact on Central America

32. Map of Involvement

33. From Brooks Adams, The New Empire, 1902. TRUE????
The West Indies drift toward us, the Republic of Mexico hardly longer has an independent life, and the city of Mexico is an American town. With the completion of the Panama Canal all Central America will become part of our system. We have expanded into Asia, we have attracted the fragments of the Spanish dominions, and reaching out into China we have checked the advance of Russia and Germany We are penetrating into Europe, and Great Britain especially is gradually assuming the position of a dependency The United States will outweigh any single empire, if not all empires combined. The whole world will pay her tribute. Commerce will flow to her from both east and west, and the order which has existed from the dawn of time will be reversed.

34. Questions to think about
How would you describe America’s foreign policy during the first 20 years of the twentieth century?
Has it changed much today, how so?

35. Questions
Answer
How is Teddy Roosevelt portrayed in each of these cartoons? Which depiction is the most favorable? The most negative? Point to specific symbols and details in each image to support your answer.
What comment is each cartoonist making about Roosevelt's involvement in the Panama Canal project?
How is Panama portrayed in the Coup d'Etat cartoon? Does this cartoonist appear to support or oppose the "Roosevelt Doctrine"? Explain.
What images of America and its role in global affairs are presented in these cartoons? How do the images compare to the timeline of the Panama Canal?

36. Questions
Answer
Summarize of the background/introduction
Based on your reading, how does Mexico feel about American involvement in their region?
Based on your answer to the question above – why does Mexico feel this way?
Notate the most significant and telling quote from your document