1. America on the World Stage

2. The City Upon a Hill "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us” – John Winthrop aboard the Arabella, 1630 America’s universalistic, religious mandate for the world

3. Still the City Upon a Hill I've spoken of the shining city all my political life, but I don't know if I ever quite communicated what I saw when I said it. But in my mind it was a tall proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans, wind-swept, God- blessed, and teeming with people of all kinds living in harmony and peace, a city with free ports that hummed with commerce and creativity, and if there had to be city walls, the walls had doors and the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to get here. That's how I saw it and see it still – Ronald Reagan, 1984. I have been guided by the standard John Winthrop set before his shipmates on the flagship Arbella three hundred and thirty-one years ago, as they, too, faced the task of building a new government on a perilous frontier. "We must always consider", he said, "that we shall be as a city upon a hill—the eyes of all people are upon us“ – John Kennedy, 1961

4. Manifest Destiny

6. The Closing of the Frontier, 1890 Where should Manifest Destiny take us now? What is America without frontiers? – Frederick Jackson Turner US Relationship to Europe

7. War With Spain

8. An Imperial Republic? Arguments against imperialism – European analogies – Race (White Man’s Burden) – Power projection Arguments for – Pacific expansion is the natural course for US – Resources – Global Reach for US ideals

9. US Power Projection The “Great White Fleet” circumnavigates the globe, 1907 Boxer Rebellion Interventions in Latin America

10. American Reactions to the Outbreak of War in Europe in 1914 “Again and ever, I thank Heaven for the Atlantic Ocean” – US Ambassador to Britain, Walter Hines Page, July 29, 1914 describing “The Great Smash” What is the role of a “great power”?

11. Neutrality What did the term mean? Equal impact on all sides? No impact on the war at all? Total US freedom of action?

12. The Germans are killing people. The British are merely inconveniencing them – Wilson on the two blockade strategies.

13. The Rivals Woodrow Wilson Born 1856 Governor (NJ): 1911-1913 President: 1913-1921 Died: 1921 (stroke in 1919) Theodore Roosevelt Born 1858 Governor (NY): 1899-1901 President: 1901-1909 Died: 1919

14. Roosevelt’s Critiques Neutrality is “utter folly” akin to disarming the NYPD to fight crime in Central Park US policy should be “righteousness backed by force.” Wilson’s policy is “object cowardice and weakness.” Plattsburg Camps

16. A World Power? US Army smaller than Romania’s Equipment, doctrine, knowledge of European war all badly out of date “I watched them leave and wondered how they could possibly do any good” – Elizabeth Coles Marshall.