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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 1 Elementary Statistics M A R I O F. T R I O L A Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 2 Introduction To Statistics Chapter 1 M A R I O F. T R I O L A Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 3 1-1 Overview 1-2 The Nature of Data 1-3* Uses and Abuses of Statistics 1-4Design of Experiments Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistics
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 4 Statistics Two Meanings Actual numbers Methods of analysis 1-1 Overview
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 5 Actual numbers numerical measurements determined by a set of data Statistics
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 6 Methods of analysis a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data Statistics
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 7 Population the complete collection of elements (scores, people, measurements, etc.) to be studied Sample Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 8 Population the complete collection of elements (scores, people, measurements, etc.) to be studied Sample a subset of a population Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 9 Definitions Parameter a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 10 Parameter a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population population parameter Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 11 Definitions Statistic a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 12 Definitions Statistic a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample sample statistic
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 13 Population Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 14 PopulationParameter Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 15 PopulationParameter Sample Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 16 PopulationParameter SampleStatistic Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 17 PopulationParameter SampleStatistic Census Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 18 Quantitative data numbers representing counts or measurements Qualitative (attribute) data nonnumeric data that can be separated into different categories The Nature of Data Definitions 1-2
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 19 Discrete data which results from either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values 0, 1, 2, 3,... Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 20 Discrete data which results from either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values 0, 1, 2, 3,... Continuous data which results from infinitely many possible values that can be associated with points on a continuous scale in such as way that there are no gaps or interruptions Definitions 3 4
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 21 Discrete - Countable Quantitative Data
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 22 Discrete - Countable Continuous - Measurements with no gaps Quantitative Data
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 23 nominal level of measurement characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. Data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high) Definitions E.g. Blood types: O, A, B, AB Genders: Male & Female
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 24 ordinal level of measurement involves data that may be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless Definitions E.g. Taste of food: bad, so-so, good, delicious Grades: A, B, C, D, F
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 25 interval level of measurement like the ordinal level, with the additional property that we can determine meaningful amounts of differences between data. However, there is no inherent (natural) zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present.) Definitions E.g. year 2000, temperature 96.2 F etc.
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 26 ratio level of measurement the interval level modified to include the inherent zero starting point where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present. For values at this level, differences and ratios are meaningful. Definitions E.g. weights of grains, heights of people
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 27 Levels of Measurement Nominal - names only Ordinal - names with some order Interval - differences but no ‘zero’ Ratio - differences and a ‘zero’
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 28 Levels of Measurement Nominal - names only Ordinal - names with some order Interval - differences but no ‘zero’ Ratio - differences and a ‘zero’
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 29 Design of Experiments Section 1-4 M A R I O F. T R I O L A Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 30 Steps for Designing an Experiment 1. Identify the exact question and exact population 2.Develop a plan for collecting data that is representative of the population 3.Collect data minimizing errors that result in biased data 4.Analyze the data and draw conclusions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 31 Observational Study Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 32 Observational Study observing and measuring specific characteristics Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 33 Experiment Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 34 Experiment application of some treatment and then observe its effects on the subject Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 35 Experiment application of some treatment and then observe its effects on the subject Definitions Treatment Group
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 36 Experiment application of some treatment and then observe its effects on the subject Definitions Treatment Group Control Group E.g. Drug v.s. placebo
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 37 Designing an Experiment Experimental units (blocks) Completely randomized design Rigorously controlled design Replication Study the text book Section 1-4 for the details
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 38 Confounding Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 39 Confounding effects from two or more variables that cannot be distinguished from each other Definitions
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 40 Data carelessly collected may be so completely useless that no amount of statistical torturing can salvage them.
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 41 Random Sampling - selection so that each has an equal chance of being selected
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 42 Stratified Sampling - subdivide population and draw sample from each stratum
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 43 Every K th element Systematic Sampling
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 44 Cluster Sampling - divide into sections; choose a few of those sections; choose all from selected sections
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 45 Hey! Do you believe in the death penalty? Convenience Sampling - use readily available results
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 46 Random Stratified Systematic Cluster Convenience Methods of Sampling
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Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 47 Sampling Error the difference between a sample result and the true population result due to chance sample fluctuations Non-sampling Error sample data that is incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed Definitions
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