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Hepatitis B Patricia D. Jones, M.D. November 13, 2009
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Hepatitis B Prototype member of the Hepadnaviridae family DNA virus Outer lipoprotein envelope with 3 glycoproteins – Hep B surface antigens (HBsAg) Viral nucleocapsid protein - Hep B core antigen (HBcAg) Soluble nucleocapsid protein- Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/virol/hep-b5.jpg
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Epidemiology Worldwide: Affects 350-400 million persons Endemic areas: Asia, Africa 1 million worldwide deaths per year Acquired perinatally and in childhood United States: Affects 1.25 million persons 4000-5000 deaths per year Acquired via sexual activity, then IVDU and occupational exposure http://liver.stanford.edu/images/education/world_incidence.jpg
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Primary Infection Incubation Period 4-10 weeks During the prodromal period, patient may have a serum sickness-like syndrome. Constitutional symptoms, anorexia, nausea, RUQ discomfort and jaundice. 30 % develop icteric hepatitis. 70% develop anicteric or subclinical hepatitis. 0.5-1% develop fulminant liver failure. Symptoms and jaundice disappear in 1-3 months, though fatigue may persist.
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Infection in Children vs. Adults Children In neonates, the immature immune system does not recognize a difference between the virus and the host. Cellular immune responses to hepatocyte-membrane HBV proteins do not occur. Risk of developing chronic HBV infection is 90% in infants born to HBeAg positive mothers. In children under 5, risk is 25-30%. Adults: Tend to have a more vigorous immune response. Less than 5% of those infected develop continual viremia and persistent infection.
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Serologic Diagnosis HBsAgHBeAg Anti-HBc IgM Anti-HBc IgG Anti-HBeHBsAb HBV DNA ACUTE Early++++++ Window++ Recovery++++/- CHRONIC Replicative++++++ Nonreplicativ e ++++/- Flare++/-+++ Precore/core promoter mutants +++++
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http://www.haps.nsw.gov.au/userData/img//hepB1.jpg
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Chronic Hepatitis B Infection Early Replicative Phase: Immune Tolerance Perinatally acquired infection High levels of HBV DNA, HBeAg present No liver disease—normal ALT, asymptomatic, Stage 0-1 fibrosis Lasts 10-30 years Replicative Phase: Immune Clearance Spontaneous clearance of HBeAg Often characterized by periods of increased HBV DNA and increased ALT due to immune-mediated lysis of infected hepatocytes, i.e. flares Nonreplication Phase: Inactive Carrier State HBeAg negative, anti-Hep B e positive, HBV DNA undetectable ALT levels normalize, however some patients may have active inflammation
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Chronic Hepatitis B Infection HBeAg-negative Chronic Hepatitis Precore/Core Promoter Mutations Moderate levels HBV DNA Active liver disease and elevated ALT Older patients Resolution Hallmark is the clearance of HbSAg Does not preclude development of cirrhosis, HCC or failure. Patients may still produce HBV DNA, which has implications in the immunosuppressed
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Sequelae of Chronic HBV Infection Cirrhosis Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepatic Decompensation Extrahepatic Manifestations Death Prognosis is worse in endemic areas: Prolonged replicative phase Clearance of HBeAg causes a 2 fold decrease in death rate. Patients who reactivate have worse prognosis. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/images/hepato-b.jpg
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Extrahepatic Manifestations Occur in 10-20% of patients with Chronic Hep B. Serum Sickness Polyarteritis Nodosa Membranous and Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
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Genotypes Genotype B associated with HBeAg seroconversion at an earlier age, more sustained remission, less active hepatic necroinflammation, a slower rate of progression to cirrhosis and lower rate of HCC development when compared with Genotype C. Genotypes A and B are associated with higher rates of seroconversion with pegIFN-alpha than C and D.
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Indications for Therapy Acute Hepatitis One trial demonstrated no biochemical or clinical benefit in patients treated with Lamivudine vs. placebo in 12 months. General Rule: Coagulopathy INR>1.5 Persistent symptoms or marked jaundice (bilirubin >10 mg/dl) for more than 4 weeks after presentation Fulminant Hepatic Failure Concomitant infection with Hep C or D
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Indications for Therapy HBeAg-positive patients: HBeAg-positive patients with persistently normal ALT should be tested for ALT at 3-6 month intervals HBeAg status should be checked every 6-12 months. HBeAg positive with HBV DNA levels >20,000 IU/mL after a 3-6 month and ALT 1-2 x ULN OR are >40 years liver biopsy w/ treatment if biopsy shows moderate/severe inflammation or significant fibrosis. Patients who remain HBeAg positive with HBV DNAlevels>20,000 IU/mL after a 3-6month period of elevated ALT levels >2 ULN should be considered for treatment. HBeAg-negative patients: HBeAg-negative patients with normal ALT and HBV DNA <2,000 IU/mL: Tested ALT q 3months during the first year to verify true “inactive carrier state” and then every 6-12 months. http://www.aasld.org/practiceguidelines/Documents/Bookmarked%20Practice%20Guidelines/Chronic_Hep_B_Update_2009%208_24_2009.pdf
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References: Dienstag JL. Hepatitis B Virus Infection. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 1486-500. Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B Virus Infection—Natural History and Clinical Consequences. N Eng J Med 2004; 350: 1118- 29. Liaw YF, Chu CM. Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Lancet 2009;373:582-592. Lok ASF, McMahon BJ. Chronic Hepatitis B: Update 2009. Hepatology 2009; 3: 1-36. Lok ASF. Clinical manifestations and natural history of hepatitis B virus infection. UpToDate
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