3. Short Stories The Tell-Tale Heart The Cask of Amontillado The Black Cat, The Pit and The Pendulum Poems: The Raven Annabel Lee To Helen Lenore

4. Sometimes strange special effects have been linked to his addiction to opium Addiction not uncommon in the 1800’s, because of frequent use of laudanum, an opium based medicine, to treat headaches and stomach pains

5. Reference to a famous historical or literary figure or event Best sources are literature, history, Greek myth, and the Bible Serves to explain or clarify or enhance whatever subject

6. supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terror pervades the action High emotion, sentimentalism, but also pronounced anger, surprise, and especially terror use of words indicating fear, mystery, etc.: apparition, devil, ghost, haunted, terror, fright, fainting

7. Something that is itself and yet also represents something else Universal symbols embody universally recognizable meanings Invested symbols are given symbolic meaning by the way an author uses them in a literary work