1. Industrialism – Technology, Society, and Reform

2. Thesis
The Industrial Revolution was more of a revolution of social structure than products and factories.

3. The First Industrial Revolution – 1700 to 1850’s
There were a series of inventions that advanced the Industrial Revolution – this is a pictorial representation of that.
This is mostly pre-steam power.

4. Textile Inventions

5. The Second Industrial Revolution – 1850-Early 1900’s
When people started getting new power sources, that is when the revolution began to spread and expand.
Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands were most greatly affected by the revolution.

6. Power Technology

7. Social Structure Social structure changed forever.
No more self-sustaining farms.
Destruction of the noble classes creates a vacuum for the middle class factory owner – Bourgeoisie eventually becomes the dominant class by the end of the 19th century.
Larger middle class – factory owners, doctors, lawyers, bankers, artisans, etc. – gained power
Larger working class – factory workers, miners, rural laborers, - lost power
Upwards of 75% of all early workers in factories women and children.

8. Thesis
The most important movement to come out of the industrial era was the union movement.

9. Social Structure Early Industrial Rev. Later Industrial Rev.
Artisans still outnumbered factory workers
Had skills to ply
Large group of servants among the lower classes.
Begin to see wealth as the distinction between upper, middle, lower classes.
Later Industrial Rev.
Artisans going away – factory workers dominate.
Attempted expansion of unions and guilds.
Violent clashes between middle and lower classes
Unskilled men push women and children out of positions

10. Captains of Industry (Robber Barons) – Late Industrialization
These middle class leaders become the new rich.
Bankers and financiers become more important – J.P. Morgan.
Problems with monopolies of industries
Despite these problems – wages remained stable with union pressure and prices dropped.
OVERALL – the gap between the poor and the rich widened not because poor were poorer, but because rich became ultra rich.

11. Problems with Factory
Poor sanitation – lead to disease spreading quickly
Unsafe machines – often times not maintained.
Long hours = tired workers = Accidents
Because of lack of ventilation – smoke would fill lungs
Often times in factory towns – owner of factory also owned stores and lodging.

12. Child Labor
*Children were abused in factories and allowed to work long hours.
*At first they were limited in their hours – could only work if they were older than 9 and had to limit it to 12 hours until they were 18.
*By 1854 the labor of children and women in mines was forbidden.
*This dramatically dropped their number in the workforce, but they still were abused until the early 1900’s.

13. Reform Movements Chartist Movement The Luddites
Peterloo (Reading the Riot Act)
Socialism and Marxism
Sadler Report / Commission

14. Chartist Movement 1838 – sought to get the People’s Charter passed
Working class movement that sought to extend suffrage to all men and sought to eliminate property qualifications.

15. Luddites British movement against the textile changes.
Often times did so by destroying looms.
Named for Ned Ludd – fought with army and lost….bad.
In France, same movement reflected in the Sabbo, thrown in machines

16. Peterloo Riots and Massacre
Riot happened in St. Peter’s field in Manchester, England 1819.
Cavalry charged – 15 people died and 400 injured.
Scandalous in London – led to parliament giving reforms to workers.

17. Socialism and Marxism
Supported by workers as a redistribution of wealth.
Radicalism that was put down by most governments in Europe.

18. Sadler Commission
1832 – Parliamentary investigation into the lives of factory workers in textiles.
Led to the Reform Act of 1833.
See additional reading.

19. Women’s Suffrage Movement
In mid-late 1800’s women start losing jobs in factories, however they are able to begin demanding more rights.
Ironically, they don’t start winning rights until the men need them back in the factories (WWI)
English, Colonies, and US lead the way

20. Women’s Suffrage
Began with the publication “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” by Mary Wollstonecraft
Initially W.S. tied to utopian movements.
By mid 19th century women began to advocate for voting rights in colonies (Australia, US, New Zealand)
English movement began with Reform Act of 1832, US movement began with Abolition movement.

21. Arguments Against Women’s Suffrage
Women not intelligent enough
Would destroy the family – women would be encouraged to work more and become ‘uncouth’
Afraid women would only be influenced by husbands
Socialists tied it to economic issues

22. Leaders
England
Women could vote for local officials in late 1800’s.
Emmeline Pankhurst set up Womens Francise League in 1889.
Considered extremists
Instrumental in getting vote by 1918 in the Representation of the People’s Act
USA
1848 – Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
National Women’s Party set up in 1917
By 1919, the 20th amendment makes the vote official in US.

23. Leaders Germany – Clara Zetkin
Secretary of the Bookbinders Union despite being ineligible to be a member.
Eventually elected to German Reichstag and prominent in Communist Party in Germany.

24. Actual Reform Laws 1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act
Hours of work were limited to 12 per day, with no night work allowed.
Employers were to provide education, decent clothing and accommodation.
Inspectors were to enforce the Act and appoint visitors.
For all textile factories employing over 20 persons, proper ventilation was to be provided and mills were to be whitewashed twice a year.

25. Reform Laws (Cont.) 1833 Factory Act
No children under 9 were to work in factories (silk mills exempted).
Children under 13 years were to work no more than 9 hours per day and 48 hours per week.
Children under 18 were not to work nights.
4 paid Inspectors were appointed.
Two 8-hour shifts per day of children were to be allowed.

26. Reform Laws Cont. 1834 Poor Laws Amendment
Established workhouses to help those desperate for work and money.
HATED by workers and only gone to at last resort.
Charles Dickens wrote about them – Oliver Twist.

27. Reform Laws Continued 1878 Factory Act
Extended the Factory Acts to all industries.
No child anywhere under the age of 10 was to be employed.
10-14 year olds could only be employed for half days.
Women were to work no more than 56 hours per week