1. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1

2. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1 Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

3. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1 Reading Focus What caused the French Revolution? What happened during the first events of the Revolution? How did the French create a new nation? Main Idea Problems in French society led to a revolution, the formation of a new government, and the end of the monarchy. The Revolution Begins

4. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1 Causes of the Revolution Long-standing resentments against the monarchy Inequalities in society –Existing social and political structure –Called the Estates-General or ancient régime King at the top and estates under him –King Louis XVI, shy and indecisive –Unpopular, self-indulgent queen, Marie-Antoinette –Rest of French society divided into three classes, called estates

5. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1 Varied widely in what they contributed in terms of work and taxes Roman Catholic clergy One percent of the population Exempt from taxes Owned 10 percent of the property –Collected rents and fees –Bishops and other clergy grew wealthy First Estate Nobility Less than 2 percent of the population Paid few taxes Controlled much wealth Held key positions –Government –Military Lived on country estates Second Estate Largest group—97% of the population Bourgeoisie—city- dwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals Sans-culottes— artisans and workers Peasants—poor with little hope, paid rents and fees Third Estate The Three Estates

6. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1 Before the French Revolution The Political and Social Organization The King and Family The Three Estates The First Estate: Clergy The Second Estate: Nobility The Third Estate: bourgeoisie, professionals, workers

7. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1 Severe economic problems affected much of the country France in debt, spending lavishly, borrowing money, and facing bankruptcy Hailstorm and drought ruined harvest; harsh winter limited flour production People hungr y and angry; clergy and nobility no help A Financial Crisis Inspiring new ideas from Enlightenment philosophers Great Britain’s government limiting the king’s power American colonists rebelled successfully against British king New ideas changed government and society in other countries Enlightenment Ideas Further Causes

8. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1

9. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1 By 1789, no group happy Clergy and nobility lost power to king Bourgeoisie resented regulations Poor worse off Storming of the Bastille King brought in military People of Paris armed themselves Searching for weapons, a mob stormed the Bastille Estates General meets Desire for reforms Voting process a problem Third Estate proclaimed themselves National Assembly Tennis Court Oath First Events of the Revolution

10. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1 Louis tried to protect his throne Angered the common people Prices still high; mob broke into the palace demanding bread Royal family seized; National Assembly took bolder steps Passed laws against the church, clergy, and public employees Some outraged by actions Restrictions on Power Feudal dues eliminated Declaration laid out “liberty, equality, brotherhood” Inspired by the English Bill of Rights, American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Enlightenment philosophers Men are born equal and remain equal under the law The rights did not extend to women Legislating New Rights Creating a New Nation

11. The French Revolution and NapoleonSection 1 French revolutionary troops won the Battle of Valmy. New French republic held ground against Europe’s Old Order. In 1791, the Legislative Assembly is formed. Citizens gained broad voting rights, but rights were not universal. Constitution restricted power of king and ended distinctions of birth. King and queen feared they would be harmed. Austria and Prussia warned against harming monarchs Austrian army defeats French Financial strain of war, food shortages, and high prices King blamed; action demanded Foreign Powers Formation of a New Government August 10, 1792 royal family seized by mob Radical faction took charge with National Convention Monarchy abolished; France declared a republic End of Monarchy