1. Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/e
Chapter Five: The American Revolution

2. Steps to the American Revolution:
13. Colonists react
12. Battle of Bunker Hill
11. 2nd Continental Congress
10. Lexington and Concord
9. American colonists take action
8. British Parliament passes Intolerable Acts
7. Boston Tea Party
6. British Parliament passes Tea Act
5. Boston Massacre
4. British Parliament passes Townshend Acts
3. American colonists take action
2. British Parliament passes new laws
1. French and Indian War

3. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
Introduction
What are they fighting for?
Some believed it was a military conflict with Great Britain; others felt it was a domestic political struggle (rich v. poor)

4. Second Continental Congress (1775): Representatives from the colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss plans.
A. Olive Branch Petition (1775): Sent petition to King George III asking to restore peace. King refuses petition.
B. Continental Army (1775): Created an army to prepare for war under the command of George Washington.

5. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The War for Independence
The First Phase: New England
Bunker Hill – deadliest battle
Invasion of Canada – to no avail
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6. Battle of Bunker Hill (1775):
-American army surrounded Boston after Lexington and Concord.
-British army attacks rebels to drive them back. Beaten back twice. Rebels run out of ammunition. Forced to retreat when British attack a 3rd time.
-2200 British start battle killed or wounded.
-British forced to abandon Boston. They sail out of Boston.

22. American Colonists Take Action:
A. Thomas Paine writes Common Sense (Jan.1776):
-Argues for American independence.
-The British constitution was the colonists’ biggest problem.
B. Declaration of Independence (July 1776): Written by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben Franklin, and several others. Issued by the Second Continental Congress in July 1776.
-Declared our independence and created the United States of America.
-Purpose: Break ties with England and create United States of America.
-Purpose of Gov’t: Protect the rights, liberties of the people.
-Power comes from the people.
-Ideas did not apply to women, slaves, or Indians.

23. (Library of Congress) Thomas Jefferson (aka Monica Thomas)
The Declaration (NARA)
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24. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government”

25. The American (Continental, Patriot) Army: In the beginning, the Continental Army was made up of farmers, frontiersmen, and townspeople who left their homes to fight the British. Many believed the war would be short.
-At first, they had to provide their own weapons, ammunition, and uniforms.
-Over time, they would be formed into regular units with uniforms and proper equipment.

26. Reasons why the
American colonists
believed that they
would win the war.
Reasons why most people believed that England would win the war.
ADVANTAGES:
1. They were fighting for their homes, families, lives, and freedom.
2. George Washington
3. They were fighting on their home ground.
4. Ben Franklin got the French to help them.
5. Many of the English generals were afraid to make mistakes.
6. The English people would get tired of a long war.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Poorly trained army and no navy.
2. No money to fight a war.
3. Weak, inexperienced gov’t.
4. 2/3 of population were either Tories or didn’t care.
5. Professional English army,
Hessians, and Indians against
them.
6.Poor equipment and lack of
food.
7. Soldiers could leave at will.

27. Reasons why England
believed it would win
its war with America.
Reasons why England
might not win the war.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Professional army and navy.
2. Factories to make war materials.
3. $ to feed and supply an army.
4. A government to make decisions.
5. 1/3 of the American population
were Tories. 1/3 of the American population were neutral or didn’t care.
6. Hessians and Indians on British side.
7. Americans were poorly supplied
and trained.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. England had a 3000
mile supply line.
2. English soldiers were
fighting because they
were told to fight.
3. America is a large
piece of land and not
easy to control or conquer.
4. Many of the English generals were afraid to make mistakes.

28. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The States United
Mobilizing for War
Financing the War
Difficult b/c no hard currency
Paper currency led to inflation
General George Washington
Beloved; admired
Foreign Assistance
With currency problems, the
colonists had to resort to foreign
aid
George Washington at Valley Forge (The Palma Collection / Getty Images)

29. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The Revolution in the North,

30. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The War for Independence
The Second Phase:
The Mid-Atlantic Region
British Take New York - Howe
Britain’s Strategy
Go after the North; work their way South
Patriot Victory at Saratoga
Turning Point of the War
British Blunders
They should’ve won phase 2; their mistakes were costly
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31. The Battle of Saratoga:
The British planned a 3 pronged attack to capture the Hudson River Valley and cut off New England from the rest of the colonies.
-Gen. Burgoyne would march south from Canada to take Albany.
-Gen. St. Leger would march east from the Great Lakes to Albany.
-Gen. Howe would march north from NYC to Albany.
St. Leger was defeated at Battle of Oriskany. Howe never moved north.
Burgoyne was on his own and met an American army at Saratoga.

32. Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans with about 7,000 soldiers.
THE BATTLE OF SARATOGA IS OFTEN CALLED A TURNING POINT OF THE WAR. THE AMERICAN VICTORY CAUSED THE FRENCH TO BEGIN TO SEND AID TO THE AMERICANS.
Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans with about 7,000 soldiers.
Ben Franklin, living in France, was able to convince the French to help the Americans due to this victory.

33. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The Revolution in the Middle Colonies,

34. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The War for Independence
The Iroquois
Officially, the Confederacy declared neutrality
However, there were
divisions w/in it
Some felt that siding with
the British would keep
Americans off their land
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35. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The War for Independence
Securing Aid from Abroad
Militia Diplomats
Americans went to Europe
to get aid/support
Pivotal French Aid
Ben Franklin went to
France in 1778 with news
that the colonists won at
Saratoga
France agreed to support the Americans
Benjamin Franklin (Portrait Gallery)

36. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The War for Independence
The Final Phase: The South
Revolutionary Consequences of the Southern Campaign
British plan – appeal to Loyalists in the South
Underestimated the amount of Patriot support
Nathanael Greene
Patriot general who led Americans to many victories
Used new military techniques (e.g., divide-and-conquer)
Yorktown
Ultimately ended the war

37. The Battle of Yorktown:
The American and French armies defeated the British at the Battle of Yorktown.
General Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans.
This marked the end of major fighting.

39. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The Revolution in the South,

40. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The War for Independence
Winning the Peace
Treaty of Paris (1783) – official end of the war
Now America
recognized as
a free country
A map presented to Benjamin Franklin by the Royal Cartographer of France, showing the 1783 Treaty boundaries (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
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41. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
War and Society
Loyalists and Minorities
The Loyalists’ Plight
1/3 of whites = Loyalists
Many fled; some stayed
Disestablishment of the Anglican Church
Many left America
Catholic Church’s position
improved
Tarring and Feathering (Library of Congress)

42. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
War and Society
The War and Slavery
African-American Desire for Freedom
Many escaped during the war (millions from the South)
Tension between Liberty and Slavery
Seen as hypocritical since the white Patriots wanted liberty for all, but also worked to protect the institution of slavery
Native Americans and the Revolution
They tried to stay neutral, but many took sides
They saw Americans as more hostile than British
Growing Divisions Among the Indians
Deep divisions amongst tribes led to the weakening of tribes; difficult to unify against whites

43. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
War and Society
Women’s Rights and Women’s Roles
Women of the Army
Many “camp followers” went to help out with the war effort (mostly doing household jobs)
Calls for Women’s Rights
Abigail Adams – put a stop to abusive men
Judith Sergant Murray – equal rights for education
A Strengthened Patriarchal Structure
Married women had no rights (property, divorce, etc.)
Republican Motherhood
Women expected to teach children about the republic and to be a good citizen

44. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
Women of the Revolution (Library of Congress)
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45. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
War and Society
The War Economy
New Patterns of Trade
No more Navigation Acts to follow, so America could trade with whomever they pleased (except Britain, who cut off trade)
Pushed America to get into manufacturing (won’t see this, though, until the mid-1800s
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46. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The Creation of State Governments
State governments were the first political creation of the Revolution
They revolved around the idea of a republican government with power emanating from virtuous landowning citizens
The Revolutionary struggle inspired written constitutions with limited executive power and bicameral legislatures
The upper chamber was to represent the elite, which demonstrates that democracy was not completely accepted

47. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The Creation of State Governments
Revising State Governments
Too much democracy = states weren’t governing
Revised constitutions (starting with MA) to allow for a governor and limit popular (people’s) power
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48. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The Creation of State Governments
Toleration and Slavery
Abolished in PA first, then rest of North followed
Allowed for slavery in South because:
Helped economy
Racism
No clear alternative
Statute of Religious Liberty
Adopted by VA, completely separated church and state
Maintaining slavery is like holding a “wolf by the ears…” Thomas Jefferson

49. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The Search for a National Government
Articles of Confederation – first form of government
Limited power of the national government over states
Only a Congress; no President or Judiciary
It could not regulate trade, tax, or raise an army
Each state had 1 vote, 13 votes needed to ratify anything
Confederation got little respect from other countries
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50. The Conflict Over Western Lands

51. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The Search for a National Government
The Confederation and the Northwest
The Ordinances of 1784 and 1785
Created a system of surveying and selling lands in a grid (rectangular sections)
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Provided settlement and government of the NW Territory
Guaranteed freedom of religion
Prohibited slavery
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52. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
Land Survey: Ordinance of 1785
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53. Chapter Five: The American Revolution
The Search for a National Gov’t
Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays
Postwar Depression
Exposed economic weakness of the nation
Political Disputes over Economic Issues
Confederation needed to tax to pay off debt, but wasn’t allowed; caused arguments
Shays’s Rebellion
MA farmer leading a revolt over high debt; no national government was able to act
RESULT: they realized the national government needed to change
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