1. CoreGRID Summer School Bonn, July 24 th - 28 th 2006 HPC4U: Realizing SLA-aware Resource Management Simon Alexandre CETIC, Charleroi, Belgium Matthias Hovestadt University of Paderborn, Germany

2. HPC4U2 Topics Motivation Architecture of an SLA-aware RMS Phases of Operation SLA-aware Scheduling Cross-border Migration Summary

3. HPC4U3 Grid Computing Today How do Grids look like today? Grids are in usage, but… –… commercial usage is rare and limited oonly isolated applications –… mostly used as a prototypic solution in research otestbeds within research projects Problem: No contractually fixed QoS levels Deadline bounded business critical jobs

4. HPC4U4 What is an SLA? Service Level Agreement (SLA) Contract between Provider and Customer –Describes all obligations and expectations Flexible formulation for each use case SLA is in focus of research in Grid Middleware Service Level Agreement Terms R-Type: HW, OS, Compiler, Software Packages, … R-Quantity: Number CPUs, main memory, … R-Quality: CPU>2GHz, Network Bandwidth, … Deadline: Date, Time,… Policies: Demands on Security and Privacy, … Price for Resource Consumtion (fulfilled SLA) Penalty Fee in case of SLA violation Contract Parties, Responsible Persons ID or Description of SLA Name Context Service Level Agreement

5. HPC4U5 The Gap between Grid and RMS SLA RMS M1M2M3 grid middleware user request Reliability? Quality of Service? Best Effort! User asks for Service Level Agreement Grid Middleware realizes job by means of local RMS systems BUT: These RMS only offer Best Effort! Goal: SLA-aware RMS runtime responsibility reliability –fault tolerance Guaranteed!

6. HPC4U6 Demands on an SLA-aware RMS Negotiation active negotiation with upper layers accept new job only if SLA can be fulfilled System Management taking terms of SLAs into account allocation of nodes according SLAs Fault Tolerance ensure terms of SLAs also in case of failures mechanisms for failure handling

7. HPC4U7 Topics Motivation Architecture of an SLA-aware RMS Phases of Operation SLA-aware Scheduling Cross-border Migration Summary

8. HPC4U8 SLA-aware RMS Central component Interface to Grid middleware for SLA-Negotiation Interfaces to Subsystems for provision of FT Tasks SLA Negotiation Policies –security, … Monitoring FT –checkpoints –migration Open interfaces

9. HPC4U9 Process Subsystem Concept: virtual bubble Virtualization of Resources –virtual network devices, virtual process ids, … Application runs in virtual environment only minimal impact on job runtime Checkpoint of entire virtual bubble no re-linking necessary –also applicable for commercial applications Restart of checkpointed virtual bubble compatibility has to be ensured application does not detect restart

10. HPC4U10 Network Subsystem Provision of FT also for parallel jobs communication between nodes checkpoint of network state necessary –ensuring consistency between process and network at restart Network Checkpointing checkpoint of network queues checkpoint of in-transit packets Cooperative Checkpoint Protocol (CCP) direct communication between process checkpointing and network checkpointing

11. HPC4U11 Storage Subsystem Task of Storage Subsystem Storage-related QoS Checkpointing of storage Overall consistency of checkpoint restoring state of storage at process checkpointing time checkpoint = process+network+storage Storage Checkpoint may be huge Problem: Delay until restart on remote resource –Grid migration over slow WAN-connections Solution: Data replication with COW (copy on write) –precautionary data transfer to remote resource

12. HPC4U12 Generation of a new Checkpoint RMS NetworkStorageCP 1. CP job +halt 2. In- Transit Packets 4. Snap- shot ! 5. Link to Snapshot 6. Resume job 7. Job running again 8. Migration from last checkpoint 3. Return: Checkpoint completed!

13. HPC4U13 Checkpointing Backup of consistent image of running job running process network state in case of parallel jobs storage partition Process checkpointing causes delay in job completion depends on number of jobs, memory, interconnect, … Delay has to be regarded at job scheduling partition size = estimated runtime + checkpointing overhead

14. HPC4U14 Topics Motivation Architecture of an SLA-aware RMS Phases of Operation SLA-aware Scheduling Cross-border Migration Summary

15. HPC4U15 Phases of Operation Negotiation of SLA Pre-Runtime: Configuration of Resources e.g. network, storage, compute nodes Runtime: Stage-In, Computation, Stage-Out Post-Runtime: Re-configuration

16. HPC4U16 Negotiation Phase Negotiation Grid customer and provider try to agree on a Service Level Agreement –which resources have to be provided? –which QoS level is required? ospecification of a deadline RMS in central position steering of negotiation process current system condition has to be regarded

17. HPC4U17 Pre-Runtime Phase Task of Pre-Runtime Phase Configuration of all allocated resources Goal: Fulfill requirements of SLA Reconfiguration affects all system elements Resource Management System –e.g. configuration of assigned compute nodes Storage Subsystem –e.g. initialization of a new data partition Network Subsystem –e.g. configuration of network infrastructure

18. HPC4U18 Runtime Phase lifetime of job in system adherence with SLA has to be assured FT mechanisms have to be utilized Phase consists of three distinct steps Stage-In –transmission of required input data from Grid customer to compute resource Computation –execution of application Stage-Out –transmission of generated output data from compute resource back to Grid customer

19. HPC4U19 Post-Runtime Phase Task of Post-Runtime Phase: Re-Configuration of all resources –e.g. re-configuration of network –e.g. deletion of checkpoint datasets –e.g. deletion of temporary data Counterpart to Pre-Runtime Phase Allocation of resources ends Update of schedules in RMS and storage Resources are available for new jobs

20. HPC4U20 Topics Motivation Architecture of an SLA-aware RMS Phases of Operation SLA-aware Scheduling Cross-border Migration Summary

21. HPC4U21 Negotiation of new SLA Incoming SLA-request 3 nodes, 7h runtime, earliest start: 20:00, deadline 6:00 request can be accepted, buffer time frame 2h Regular Checkpointing new checkpoint to be generated every 60 minutes checkpointing causes delay in job completion –depends on CP-system and job size 12am6pm12pm6am

22. HPC4U22 Suspending Jobs valuable resources may be blocked by non-SLA jobs 23:00: SLA-request: 3 nodes, 7 hours, deadline 6:00 –insufficient capacity: rejection of new SLA-request checkpoint and suspend of non-SLA jobs (best effort only) acceptance of request and execution of SLA-job resume of suspended SLA-bound job completion of best-effort job, completion of SLA-job 12am6pm12pm6am

23. HPC4U23 Increasing system utilization Jobs are requesting number of nodes and runtime users do not align their requests to free capacities Reservations must be guaranteed No other complete jobs fits into gaps Using of job suspend to use gaps for partial job execution Realization of background jobs

24. HPC4U24 Runtime of SLA job Pre-runtime phase configuration of network, storage, and nodes Runtime phase Monitoring of system Regular checkpointing Post-runtime phase 12am6pm12pm6am

25. HPC4U25 Handling of Resource Failures Resource outage in partition of job job crashes immediately last checkpoint after 4h runtime –computation time since last checkpoint is lost allocation of partition with 3h runtime restore from last checkpointed state scheduling of regular checkpoint intervals resuming computation 12am6pm12pm6am

26. HPC4U26 Availability of spare resources Migration presumes availability of resources but: resources may be blocked by other jobs Solution: Suspension of other jobs Problem: What to do in case of SLA-jobs blocking resource SLA-job can only be suspended if deadline is held Buffer nodes: execution of non-SLA jobs only 12am6pm12pm6am

27. HPC4U27 Topics Motivation Architecture of an SLA-aware RMS Phases of Operation SLA-aware Scheduling Cross-border Migration Summary

28. HPC4U28 Cross-border migration Goal: Successful execution of SLA-jobs handling of failures depends on local load situation goal of provider: utilization of resources high load + massive failure no migration SLA violation Idea: Cross-border migration usage of resources on other local machines –multiple clusters available on most sites transfer of checkpoint dataset to remote cluster resume of job from checkpointed state RMS

29. HPC4U29 Grid Migration Cross border migration enhances FT-level additional alternatives for migration process Grid Migration = usage of Grid as migration target Virtual Resource Manager as active Grid component Negotiation with Grid on resources Migration process request for spare resources transfer using standard protocols Transparent for the user user will receive results from new site Problem: Compatibility of resources

30. HPC4U30 Compatibility Profile Checkpoint dataset needs compatible resources for restart processor architecture main and storage memory interconnect type libraries –exact version for loaded libs –compatible version for unloaded libs paths Compatibility profile describes requirements of checkpointed jobs Resource query according to this profile

31. HPC4U31 Grid Integration Grid Middleware Grid Customer Grid Interface RMS HPC4U Grid Fabric Grid Customer

32. HPC4U32 Summary New requirements from future commercial Grids Transparent fault tolerance, SLA negotiation and mgmt. SLA-aware Resource Management System orchestrated operation of subsystems for Process, Storage, and Network SLA scheduling in RMS Cross-border migration for increased FT level virtual resource management, compatibility profile Progress support for single node jobs running support of parallel applications close to completion next: cross-border migration

33. HPC4U33 Further Information please visit our website http://www.hpc4u.org you will find… … general information about HPC4U … movies showing fault tolerance in action … downloadable demo system for playing … links and contact addresses