1. Communication and Transitioning: From Our Eyes By Jennifer Lindner And BJ Gallagher PhD, CCC-SLP By Jennifer Lindner And BJ Gallagher PhD, CCC-SLP

2. Learning Outcomes Will become aware of communication considerations from the perspective of an augmentative communicator Will become aware of communication considerations from the perspective of the communication partner and the augmentative communicator Will identify pragmatic interventions that facilitate communication between augmentative communicators and their communication partners Will become aware of communication considerations from the perspective of an augmentative communicator Will become aware of communication considerations from the perspective of the communication partner and the augmentative communicator Will identify pragmatic interventions that facilitate communication between augmentative communicators and their communication partners

3. Pragmatics Studies the factors that affect the language in social interactions. Focuses on the “speech acts.” Speech Acts are utterances. It is felt that the things we say are equal to actions. ie., Goal! Studies the factors that affect the language in social interactions. Focuses on the “speech acts.” Speech Acts are utterances. It is felt that the things we say are equal to actions. ie., Goal!

4. Types of Illocutionary Acts Representatives – affirm, believe, conclude, deny, report Directives - ask, beg, challenge, command, dare, invite, insist, request Commissives - guarantee, pledge, promise, swear, vow, undertake Expressives - apologize, appreciate, congratulate, detest, regret, thank, welcome Declaratives - make a statement Representatives – affirm, believe, conclude, deny, report Directives - ask, beg, challenge, command, dare, invite, insist, request Commissives - guarantee, pledge, promise, swear, vow, undertake Expressives - apologize, appreciate, congratulate, detest, regret, thank, welcome Declaratives - make a statement

5. Performatives Performances at work…school, church, government, armed services, business, gaming We accept the status of the speaker in the situation because of their knowledge. Performances at work…school, church, government, armed services, business, gaming We accept the status of the speaker in the situation because of their knowledge.

6. Conditions for conveying messages Preparatory Conditions - status/authority of the speaker Conditions for execution - ritual or ceremonial Sincerity conditions - strong intention Conversational implications - statements with multiple meanings “Do you have any cash on you?” Relevance - Assertion (obvious), Presupposition (taken for granted), Entailments (logical ) Conversational maxims and the cooperative principle….quality, quantity, relevance, manner Rhetorical coherence and distinction The Politeness Principle - tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy Preparatory Conditions - status/authority of the speaker Conditions for execution - ritual or ceremonial Sincerity conditions - strong intention Conversational implications - statements with multiple meanings “Do you have any cash on you?” Relevance - Assertion (obvious), Presupposition (taken for granted), Entailments (logical ) Conversational maxims and the cooperative principle….quality, quantity, relevance, manner Rhetorical coherence and distinction The Politeness Principle - tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy

7. Conditions that affect the AAC User Conversational goals: Transactional (getting something done) vs Social (enjoyment of a social interaction, making an impression, development of relationships, self esteem (Todman and Alm) Barriers such as time factor affecting the speed of the interactions. Conversational goals: Transactional (getting something done) vs Social (enjoyment of a social interaction, making an impression, development of relationships, self esteem (Todman and Alm) Barriers such as time factor affecting the speed of the interactions.

8. Solutions Prestored phrases for passing simple, frequently used messages (greetings, closings, giving an address). Use of interjections (Wow! Oh, I don't know about that. I don't know what the heck you're talking about. No, you shouldn't have done that.) Prestored phrases for passing simple, frequently used messages (greetings, closings, giving an address). Use of interjections (Wow! Oh, I don't know about that. I don't know what the heck you're talking about. No, you shouldn't have done that.)

9. More strategies/solutions Hedging to gain time or defer discussion (I am not sure if all of these are clear to you, but this is what I know. Or I don’t really remember.) Feedback to speaker maintaining speed (yes, no, don’t know, agree, disagree, evaluate “good” or “bad”, wait a minute, I made a mistake.) Hedging to gain time or defer discussion (I am not sure if all of these are clear to you, but this is what I know. Or I don’t really remember.) Feedback to speaker maintaining speed (yes, no, don’t know, agree, disagree, evaluate “good” or “bad”, wait a minute, I made a mistake.)

10. Aphorism (That’s how life goes sometimes.) Express Sympathy (Sorry to hear that.) Apology (Sorry I didn’t like that.) Question (How about you?) Specific feedback (That’s really interesting.) Aphorism (That’s how life goes sometimes.) Express Sympathy (Sorry to hear that.) Apology (Sorry I didn’t like that.) Question (How about you?) Specific feedback (That’s really interesting.)

11. Communication Partners Need to learn the various speech acts Use nonverbal communication-90% of what we say are conveyed in our body language Need to learn the various speech acts Use nonverbal communication-90% of what we say are conveyed in our body language

12. Nonverbals SOFTEN Smile Open posture Forward lean Touch Eye contact Nod SOFTEN Smile Open posture Forward lean Touch Eye contact Nod

13. SO So! So? So. So, So (voice up) So (voice down) So (flat) So! So? So. So, So (voice up) So (voice down) So (flat)

14. Communication Partners Remember to… Look at the person speakingGive them the time to create their speech act Respond appropriately to the pragmatic piece of what they are saying. Respond in kind

15. AAC Design Considerations… How much do the augmentative communicator use non-verbals? Does the augmentative communicator display a range of feelings on their face? Is the augmentative communication user allowed to fully express their ideas? Allow the augmentative communicator ample time to create their thoughts.

16. Nonverbal Strategies to think about related to… SOFTEN Moving through a crowd Looking at AAC User rather than individuals with the AAC User SOFTEN Moving through a crowd Looking at AAC User rather than individuals with the AAC User

17. STS Information http://www.speechtospeech.org/inde x.html http://www.speechtospeech.org/inde x.html http://www.speechtospeech.org/inde x.html http://www.speechtospeech.org/inde x.html

18. Speech to Speech Call 711 Ask for Communication Assistant Identify yourself as AAC User State the phone number with area code Complete call Call 711 Ask for Communication Assistant Identify yourself as AAC User State the phone number with area code Complete call

19. Questions For Jen For BJ For Jen For BJ

20. Hope we gave you something to think about Just the beginning… Not really the end! Just the beginning… Not really the end!