1. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).1

2. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).2 Superconductivity Paul M. Grant Science Fellow SS&T pgrant@epri.com Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California USA National Energy SuperGrid Workshop Crowne Plaza Cabana Palo Alto Hotel Palo Alto, California, November 6-8, 2002

3. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).3 Fathers of Cryogenics DewarKammerlingh-Onnes CH 4 112 K O 90 N 2 77 Ne 27 H 2 20 He 4.2

4. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).4 Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911) 1911: A Big Surprise!

5. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).5 1967: SC Cable Proposed! 100 GW dc, 1000 km !

6. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).6 Brookhaven LTS ac Cable 1975-86 135 kV, 1000 MVA, 3  m Nb 3 Sn, 7-9 K Technical Success Economics Unclear

7. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).7 1986: Another Big Surprise! Bednorz and Mueller IBM Zuerich, 1986 19802000 High-T C 164 K La-214 Hg-1223 V 3 Si 190019201940 1960 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature, T C (K) Year Low-T C Hg Onset T C = 40 K ! La-Ba-Cu-O

8. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).8 1987: “The Prize!”

9. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).9 March 3, 1987: “123” Structure IBM Almaden Research Center

10. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).10 Woodstock of Physics NYC, 1987 Physicists’ Night Out!

11. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).11 “The Great Communicator”

12. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).12 Y-123Bi-2223 HTS Layered Perovskites

13. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).13 T C vs. Year: 1911 - 1999 190019201940196019802000 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature, T C (K) Year Low-T C High-T C 164 K

14. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).14 Nature, 1 March 2001 How was it ever missed!

15. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).15 Maybe It Wasn’t! ? 39 ? 32

16. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).16 Irreversibility Line Meissner Mixed Normal H C2 H C1 Magnetic Field TCTC Temperature -M H H C2 H C1 1/4  Type II Superconductivity

17. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).17 Abrikosov Vortex Lattice Dipole Force F Lorentz J H Type II Superconductor in the Mixed State

18. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).18 Oxide PowderMechanically Alloyed Precursor 1.Powder Preparation “The Miracle of 1989” HTSC Wire Can Be Made! A. Extrusion B. Wire Draw C. Rolling Deformation & Processing 3. Oxidation - Heat Treat 4. Billet Packing & Sealing 2. But it’s 70% silver!

19. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).19 Coated Conductors Generation II Wire Biaxially Oriented Y-123 Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL DOE/Industry Alliance to Commercialize

20. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).20 LANL’s Finest Generation II 10 6 10 5 10 4 Generation I

21. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).21 Nature, 31 May 2001

22. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).22 HyperTech Corp 60 meters of MgB 2 Wire Cheap MgB 2 Wire Here Now!

23. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).23 WTD Cable Breakaway HTS conductor ribbons Support tube This part of cable is at ambient temperature Cryostat: Thermal insulation (vacuum ) Electrical insulation system Metallic shield Outer jacket Liquid N 2 Refrigerant Operates at -200°C

24. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).24 Finished Cable

25. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).25 Cold Dielectric Cable

26. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).26 HTS Cables: They’re Here! 12,400 Volts 1,250 Amps 3 Phase Southwire Cable Plant Carrolton, Ga.

27. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).27 HTSC Cable Projects Worldwide 1998 19992000 2005 DOE EdF Pirelli Southwire IGC NKT SEI/TEPCO 50m/115kV/2kA “EPRI” 130m/24kV/2.5kA 3ph “Frisbie” 900m/66kV/0.7kA 3ph “LIPA” 50m/225kV/2.6kA/3ph 30m/12.5kV/2.6kA/3ph 300m/15kV/3ph “AEP” 400m/35kV/3ph “Albany” 30m/60kV/3kA/3ph “COP” 30m/66kV/1kA “proto” 100m/66kV/1kA/3ph Japanese National Program?

28. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).28 “The Energy Pipeline” MgB 2 Electrical Insulation Thermal Insulation Vacuum Liquid H 2 @ 21 K ± 50,000 V dc 100,000 A 10 GW

29. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).29 Energy Intensity Factoids WattsAvgPeak Elect20004000 Therm40008000 Grant Household Power Requirements Peak Power for 250,000 GHE’s Electrical: 1000 MW Thermal: 2000 MW Does not include 3 automobiles!

30. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).30 Hydrogen Factoids 0.025 $/kWh Electricity -> 0.22 $/kWh Hydrogen Hydrogen flowing @ 1 m/s -> 0.6 MW/cm 2 Delivering 2000 MW Hydrogen -> 67 cm dia pipe Electricity via superconductivity is essentially free! To power all cars in the US with hydrogen would require expropriating all present electric power generated in the US German studies show water emissions from powering all cars with hydrogen could cause changes in microclimate.

31. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).31 Small Scale Demonstration Nexans LH 2 Transfer Line

32. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).32 Regional System Interconnections

33. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).33 Issues (Superconductivity) Wire Cost & Performance –Gen I (BSCCO/Ag)50 $/kA×m –Gen II (Y123 CC)10 –MgB 2 2 –NBTi 0.90 Length –Gen I (BSCCO/Ag)> 1000 m –Gen II (Y123 CC) 10 –MgB 2 > 100 –NBTi> 1000 Joints & Splices –HTSCTBD

34. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).34 Issues (Cryogenic & Vacuum) Cryoplants: Cost & Performance –Liquid or Gas? –ECE = 0.20 T cold /(T sink – T cold ) –Cryo-unit Cost ~ $5/W Rating Vacuum –Continuously pumped, periodic or sealed? –Distance between ports –Gettering materials

35. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).35 Issues (Cable Design/Power Control) Cable –Parallel vs. Coaxial –Flexible vs. Rigid Power –Balance between Voltage & Current –dc vs. ac –ac Losses (ripple factor)

36. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).36 Where there is no vision, the people perish… Proverbs 29:18

37. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).37 “You can’t always get what you want…”

38. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).38 “…you get what you need!”

39. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).39 Prologue: The Two Energy Lemmas I.Any discussion of the application of energy technology must involve, from the very start, an explicit social and political scenario II.The unique aspect of energy as a life- sustaining necessity separates it from the jurisdiction of many of the usual “laws” of economics

40. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).40 ( ( ( Models of Electrical Conductivity The First Idea: R T Just Goes to Zero! ((( ( ( ( ( ( ( e-e- e-e-

41. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).41 The Most Popular: R T Freezes Out! e-e- Models of Electrical Conductivity

42. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).42 Models of Electrical Conductivity Reality: R T Limited by Impurities!  e-e-

43. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).43 Physics of Superconductivity ++ ++ e-e- e-e- Electrons Pair Off! BCS Equation

44. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).44 Tape dimensions: 3.5 mm x 0.35 mm Filling factor 20% Treated at 900°C for 2 hours in Ar INFM-Genova, G. Grasso, A. Malagoli, V. Braccini, S. Roncallo, and A.S. Siri, Italy INFM-Genova Ni-Sheathed MgB 2 Tape Ex-Situ Sintered 4.2 K 4  10 3 4  10 4 4  10 5 A/cm 2 A sc = 2.5  10 -3 cm 2

45. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).45 HTS Power Transmission Cable Configurations Three separate coaxial HTS phases has been demonstrated by Southwire. Cold-dielectric with an HTS shield makes it possible to use a triad layout (100-m, Japan). A concentric tri-axial cable will require only ~ half the amount of HTS tape and will be more compact. The cryogenic surface area and thermal losses will also be reduced.

46. .NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02).46 ORNL 1.5 m Triaxial Cable A prototype tri-axial cable was fabricated to evaluate its superconducting properties. Each phase consists of two layers of BSCCO-2223 HTS tapes. A G-10 insert with thermocouples attached was used for the purpose of a calorimetric measurement of the AC losses in the cable. ELECTRICAL TESTS OF A TRIAXIAL HTS CABLE PROTOTYPE J. W. Lue, J. A. Demko, J. C. Tolbert, U. K. Sinha, R. Grabovickic, G. C. Barber, M. J. Gouge, D. Lindsay, and R. L. Hughey, presented at CEC/ICMC 2001, to be published in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering.