1. Assessing local communities trade-offs to support cost-effective conservation strategies: the case of the Ruvuma landscape Zafra-Calvo, N. & Moreno-Peñaranda, R. BEYOND ENFORCEMENT: Communities, governance, incentives and sustainable use in combating wildlife crime February 26-28th - Glenburn Lodge Muldersdrift, South Africa

2. Assessing socio-ecological trade-offs in the African Ruvuma landscape Actions to preserve biodiversity require a change in the use of the natural resources by local communities which affects their livelihoods (+ / -) Local communities change their use of the natural resources in response to conservation actions and it influences conservation outcomes (+ / -) TRADE-OFFS METHODS Participative assessment approach (1) Characterize the natural resource management systems; knowing how conservation actions and illegal wildlife trade impact on the livelihoods of local communities. (2) Define indicators to assess as monetary costs and benefits critical aspects of the natural resource management system; trying to understand why local communities get involved in or support illegal use and trade. (3) Integrate indicators through multi-criteria tools and present a strategy of sustainable use; as perceived by local communities.

3. The Ruvuma landscape – North Mozambique and South Tanzania Selous Game Reserve Selous Niassa Wildlife Protection Corridor (SNWPC) Niassa Reserve Quirimbas Niassa Corridor (QNC) Quirimbas National Park jeffreybarbee.blogspot.com gothunts.com issamichuzi.blogspot.com http://dancingwiththewildbeast.blogspot.com.es/2010/07/niassa-carnivore-project.html

4. (1) How do conservation actions and illegal wildlife trade impact on the livelihoods of local communities? without conservation actions with conservation actions

5. (2) Understanding why local communities get involved in or support illegal wildlife use and trade Costs and benefits have been estimated as additional costs/benefits versus a baseline situation without conservation actions (year 2012) Increasing poaching despite conservation actions  SNWPC – Opportunity cost of conservation directly impacting agriculture, main source of income to local communities  QNC – Loss of traditional sustainable common use of natural resources by local communities

6. (3) A strategy of sustainable use decreasing illegal wildlife trade SUSTAINABLE USE STRATEGY in the RUVUMA LANDSCAPE  Improved smallholder agricultural production  Common use of the forest by local communities  Joint ventures between local communities and private companies for trophy hunting Ideal situation agriculture forest wildlife Distance from ideal situation

7. THANK YOU VERY MUCH Noelia Zafra Calvo zafra.calvo@ias.unu.edu nzafracalvo@gmail.com