1. CHAPTER 12 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUTATIONS -RNA -PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -MUTATIONS

2. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1.Who are the players? 2. What are the 3 processes? 3. Where in the cell do the processes occur? 4. How does each process work? 5. What is the product produced? 6. What if mistakes are made during the process?

3. DNA Gene  Protein

4. AA—AA—AA—AA Monomer? Amino Acids Bond? Polymer? Polypeptides range in size from a few monomers to thousands Protein = “Polypeptide” “Peptide” Bond

5. Differences in ___ groups produce the ___ different amino acids R 20 Unique characteristics

6. 3 bases = “Codon” ACTGTTCGAGCTTAT Codon Codon  Amino Acid Amino Acid  Protein 1 Gene Codon

7. Genetic Code = “Universal Code” Same letters?  Same words? = Different stories? ATGC20 Amino Acids

8. Where is DNA? What makes Proteins? 2 Subunits

9. RNA? Ribo- Nucleic Acid = Carry/Contain coded information for making proteins “PROTEIN SYNTHESIS”

10. 3 differences from DNA: 1.Generally single stranded 2. Uracil in place of Thymine (U not T)

11. 3. Sugar is “Ribose”

12. 3 Types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal (rRNA)

13. DNA  RNA  Protein PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 2 3

14.    Protein/ polypeptide

15. 64 Codons 20 Amino Acids 4343 alanine - ala arginine - arg asparagine - asn aspartic acid - asp cysteine - cys glutamine - gln glutamic acid - glu glycine - gly histidine - his isoleucine leucine - leu lysine - lys methionine - met phenylalanine - phe proline - pro serine - ser threonine - thr tryptophan - trp tyrosine - tyr valine - val DNA Code: ACAGTTCGAGCTTAT Amino Acids?

16. Transcription DNA  mRNA Initiation Elongation Termination

18. RNA Processing (Splicing) Avg length of Pre-mRNA is 8000 nucleotides long Takes only about 1200 to code for an average sized protein of 400 AA “Long noncoding stretches” that are not translated Introns = noncoding segments (intervening) Exons = coding segments (expressed)

19. TRANSLATION mRNA  tRNA  rRNA = Protein tRNA = transfer AA from cytoplasm  ribosome tRNA = transcribed from DNA tRNA 

20. Amino Acid (end) Anticodon (end) ~80 nucleotides Folds back on itself H bonds tRNA

21. Large and Small subunits “rRNA” Structure/Function? Ribosome = bring mRNA together with tRNA (AA)

22. mRNA binding site P site = holds tRNA carrying the growing peptide chain A site = holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added E site = discharges tRNA’s leaving the ribosome _ _ _

23. 1. Initiation guanine triphospate Brings together mRNA and tRNA bearing the first AA (P site) 5’cap tells small unit to bind AUG initiation codon methionine Large subunit Initiator tRNA sits in P site A site ready to receive  3’ 5’ Requires?

24. 2. Elongation AA added one by one 1.Codon recognition Incoming tRNA binds to A site 2. Peptide bond between new AA’s 3. Translocation tRNA in A site  P site tRNA in P site  E site mRNA moves 5’ end first 10 th of a second

25. 3. Termination Elongation continues until a stop codon reaches A site UUA, UAG, UGA Protein called a “release factor” binds directly to the stop codon in the A site Polypeptide set “free”

26. UGGUUUUGA mRNA= DNA? tRNA? Amino Acids?

27. Transcription Translation DNA RNA PROTEIN Copy Drawing off Board

28. Protein Synthesis YouTube - The wonders of a tiny cell

29. MUTATIONS!! WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A MISTAKE IS MADE IN CODING?

30. POINT MUTATIONS THE DOG BIT THE CAR = Misread a single base pair Base pair substitutions THE DOG BIT THE CAT

31. Epilepsy Chromosome 6

32. Albinism

35. Frameshift Mutation = add or delete a base Insertions and Deletions

36. Schizophrenia Depression Chromosome 1

37. Color Blindness Red/Green X Chromosome So why men? Sex-Linked Mutations

44. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS Part of chromosome broken off during Meiosis and rejoins incorrectly. Can have too many, or not enough Zygote usually dies

45. Down’s Syndrome = 47 chromosomes

47. Positive Mutations?

48. DNA, RNA, and MUTATIONS -DNA -Watson and Crick -Sugar-Phosphate Backbone -Nucleotide -Nitrogen Bases (4) -Base Pairing -Complimentary Strand -Double Helix -Length of DNA -Function of DNA -Codon -Amino Acids and Proteins -Genetic Code -RNA -Differences from DNA -3 types -Protein Synthesis -Transcription -Translation -Mutations -Point Mutations -Frameshift Mutations -Sex-Linked Mutations -Chromosomal Mutations -Positive Mutations