1. Chapter 10: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

2. Transformation Nucleotide Deoxyribose Nitrogen base Purine Pyrimidine
Transcription
Translation
Ribose
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
RNA polymerase
Promotor
Codon
anticodon
Transformation
Nucleotide
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen base
Purine
Pyrimidine
Helicase
DNA replication
DNA polymerase
Mutation
Words on Chapter 10 Quiz

3. Section1: Discovery of DNA
Griffith’s Experiments: involved working with bacteria that reproduce using binary fission, pneumonia has a strand of bacteria that attacks mammals.
Transformation: was discovered from the experiments done by Griffith with the R and S strands of pneumonia. There is a relationship between how cells communicate (genetic material).

4. The Work of Oswald Avery
He continued Griffith’s work by testing whether the transformation happened due to protein, RNA, or DNA.
He concluded that DNA was responsible for the transformation in bacteria. The RNA and protein tests did not respond correctly.

5. Hershey-Chase Experiment
Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey (1950’s)
Worked with bacteriophages (phages)
Used radioactive sulfur to discover that DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses.

6. Section 2: DNA Structure
Base pairs: AT –Adenine/Thymine, CG—Cytosine/Guanine
Watson & Crick: credited with discovering that DNA is a double-helix or winding staircase
DNA Nucleotides: 5 Carbon Sugar, Phosphate group (phosphorous), and nitrogen base
Rosalind Franklin helped with the structure of DNA
AT and CG are held together by Hydrogen bonds (glue that holds both sides of the helix together)
D deoxyribose, N nucleic, A acid
DEE OXY RYE BOWS

7. Nitrogen Bases
The base pairs on the “left” of the helix: Adenine and Guanine are the group PURINES
The base pairs on the “right” of the helix: Thymine and Cytosine are the PYRIMIDINE group.

8. Complimentary Bases
A-T C-G
A A A G G G C C T
T T T C C C G G A

9. Section 3: DNA replication
Replication-is when DNA copies itself
Occurs when all living cells divide either during MEIOSIS (gametes) OR MITOSIS (autosomes)

10. Steps on How DNA Reproduces
Helicase separate the DNA strands (helicase enzyme “unzips” the helix)
DNA polymerase add the complimentary nucleotides that match the original strand of DNA. (New DNA must match the Original)
Yield two identical DNA molecules

11. TYPES OF RNA Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) helps DNA copy itself
mRNA (Messenger RNA): Deliver the genetic “message” to the ribosomes in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA): is step 2 of the process where the ribosomes create proteins using the protein synthesis
tRNA (Transfer RNA): is where the amino acids help create proteins

12. Transcription Promotors give the signal to start copying the genes
Termination Signals give the signal to stop when that part of the genome is complete.