1. Contents Chapter Introduction Section 1The Federal System Section 2The State Legislative Branch Section 3The State Executive Branch Section 4The State Judicial Branch Review to Learn Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

2. Section 1-1 Guide to Reading When the Framers of the U.S. Constitution created a federal system, they ensured that power would be shared between the national and state governments. federal system Main Idea Key Terms reserved powers concurrent powers grants-in-aid Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

3. Section 1-2 Guide to Reading (cont.) Organizing Information As you read, use a graphic organizer like the one on page 282 of your textbook to help you take notes about our federal system of government. How does the federal system of government operate? Reading Strategy Read to Learn How do state governments cooperate with the federal government? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

4. Section 1-13 Governmental Cooperation The federal government provides grants- in-aid or money to the states to help pay for their programs. States must contribute some of their own money and follow the rules set by Congress. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 285)

5. Section 1-14 Governmental Cooperation (cont.) The federal government gives grants to cities and counties. Sometimes the money goes to the states first. The states then award grants to cities and counties, with conditions attached. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 285)

6. Section 1-15 Article IV requires states to give “full faith and credit” to the laws and court decisions of other states. This encourages interstate cooperation. Article IV requires every state to have a “republican form of government.” The federal government will defend state governments against invasion or domestic violence, such as a riot. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Governmental Cooperation (cont.) (page 285)

7. Section 1-16 In return, states provide services to the federal government. For example, states conduct federal elections. Also, states have the key role–the approval process–in amending the Constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Governmental Cooperation (cont.) (page 285)

8. Section 1-18 State Constitutions State constitutions vary, but they all provide for separation of powers among three branches of government. They outline the organization of each branch, the powers and terms of office, and the method of electing officials. State constitutions contain bills of rights that include all or most of the protections in the U.S. Bill of Rights. Some include additional protections. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 286)

9. Section 1-19 State Constitutions (cont.) State constitutions establish different types of local governments, including counties, townships, municipalities, special districts, parishes, and boroughs. State constitutions regulate the ways state and local governments can raise and spend money. State constitutions establish state agencies, boards, and commissions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 286)

10. Section 1-20 State Constitutions (cont.) A state’s constitution is the highest law in the state, but it may not clash with the U.S. Constitution. The amendment process varies. In most states, an amendment must be first proposed, usually by the legislature, and then ratified by the voters. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 286)

11. Section 2-1 Guide to Reading State legislatures operate much like the U.S. Congress at the national level, but they also have the important task of apportioning election districts. unicameral Main Idea Key Terms apportion Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

12. Section 2-2 Summarizing Information As you read, take notes by completing a web diagram like the one on page 287 of your textbook by adding details under each of the three secondary heads. How do state legislatures compare to the U.S. Congress? Reading Strategy Read to Learn How do state legislatures operate? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.)

13. Section 2-4 Makeup of Legislatures State lawmaking bodies vary in name and size, but most states call them legislatures. Except for Nebraska’s unicameral, or one-house, legislature, every state has an upper house (the senate) and a lower house (usually the house of representatives). Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 287–288)

14. Section 2-5 Makeup of Legislatures (cont.) Senators usually serve four-year terms; representatives, two-year terms. The house usually has two to four times as many members as the senate. Members of the legislature generally must be American citizens and live in the district they represent. Usually they must be at least 18 years old. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 287–288)

15. Section 2-6 Makeup of Legislatures (cont.) Ever-growing responsibilities have made membership in a state legislature a more demanding, year-round job. (pages 287–288)

16. Section 2-8 How State Legislatures Function A speaker of the house directs the house of representatives. A president or lieutenant governor directs the senate. The majority party selects the speaker and the senate president, except in states with a lieutenant governor. Ideas for bills may come from the governor, the executive branch, individuals, or legislators. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 288)

17. Section 2-9 How State Legislatures Function (cont.) Once introduced, bills go to committees. The majority party selects the chairpersons. Committees study and may revise bills. They may kill a bill or send it to the full house with a recommendation to pass or reject. Conference committees work out differences between versions passed by each house. A bill becomes law if both houses pass it and the governor signs it. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 288)

18. Section 2-11 Legislative Apportionment Every 10 years, when the national census is taken, state legislatures reexamine congressional districts. State legislatures divide the state into a set of districts for senators and a different set for representatives. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 289)

19. Section 2-12 Legislative Apportionment (cont.) Senate districts were once based on land area. House districts were apportioned, or divided among districts, based on population. The result was unequal representation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 289)

20. Section 2-13 Legislative Apportionment (cont.) In Baker v. Carr, the Supreme Court ruled that federal courts can hear suits to force state authorities to redraw electoral districts. Later, in Reynolds v. Sims, the Court held that both chambers of state legislatures must be apportioned by population. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 289)

21. Section 2-15 Problems Facing States Americans demand more and better services from their state governments. State governments are finding it difficult to pay for these services. Many legislators refuse to vote to raise taxes because such a vote may reduce their chances for reelection. Also, the federal government has eliminated many grants. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 289–290)

22. Section 2-16 Problems Facing States (cont.) State legislators face a difficult choice: Should they cut programs at a time when crime, homelessness, and pollution are rising? Or, should they raise taxes and suffer the political consequences? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 289–290)

23. Section 2-23 Close In what ways is the legislative process in the states similar to that of the federal government?

24. End of Section 2 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

25. Section 3-1 Guide to Reading Much like the president at the national level, governors act as the chief executives of their states and carry out the laws passed by their legislatures. line-item veto Main Idea Key Terms commute parole Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

26. Section 3-2 Organizing Information As you read, take notes on the qualifications, powers, and duties of governors by completing a chart like the one on page 292 of your textbook. How are governors elected? Reading Strategy Read to Learn What are the powers and duties of state governors? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.)

27. Section 3-4 The governor is a state’s chief executive. In most states, the governor must be an American citizen, at least 30 years old, and a resident of the state for at least 5 years. Most governors have previous political experience. Many have had successful careers in law or business. Voters elect their governor directly. There is no state Electoral College. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Office of Governor (pages 292–294)

28. Section 3-5 A person running for governor must gain a nomination, usually by winning a party primary. Then the nominee runs in the general election. Most governors serve four-year terms. They can be removed from office by impeachment or, in several states, by a recall election initiated by voters. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Office of Governor (cont.) (pages 292–294)

29. Section 3-6 In most states, governors and lieutenant governors run as a team. The lieutenant governor presides over the senate and moves up if the governor leaves office. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Office of Governor (cont.) (pages 292–294)

30. Section 3-7 As chief executive, the governor is responsible for carrying out state laws. Governors appoint some top officials in the state bureaucracy, usually with senate approval. They usually prepare a budget and try to win its approval from the legislature. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Office of Governor (cont.) (pages 292–294)

31. Section 3-8 Governors suggest new bills and lobby the legislature to pass them. Governors may veto bills. While the president of the United States may veto an entire bill only, governors may choose to veto only a specific part of a bill. This is the line-item veto. The legislature may override a veto with a two-thirds vote. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Office of Governor (cont.) (pages 292–294)

32. Section 3-9 Governors may grant pardons to convicted criminals or commute (reduce) their sentences. Governors may also grant parole, an early release from prison, with restrictions. The governor is commander in chief of the state National Guard. Governors are the leaders of their political parties and serve as ceremonial leaders as well. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Office of Governor (cont.) (pages 292–294)

33. Section 3-10 No longer are governors always white males. Women, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and African Americans have served as governors. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Office of Governor (cont.) (pages 292–294)

34. Section 3-12 Executive Departments Not every governor has a cabinet, but every state has officials in charge of executive departments who advise the governor. Some are appointed and others are elected. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 294–295)

35. Section 3-13 Executive Departments (cont.) Usually a secretary of state manages elections and maintains the state’s records. An attorney general represents the state and advises government officials. A treasurer collects taxes and invests state funds. An auditor reviews the records. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 294–295)

36. Section 3-14 Executive Departments (cont.) Most states have a board of health that runs programs in disease prevention and health education. Most have departments of public works and highways that maintain roads, bridges, and public buildings. Most have a state welfare board. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 294–295)

37. Section 3-21 Close Unlike the president of the United States, the number of terms a governor can serve is not limited in every state. Do you think a governor should be limited to two terms in office? Explain your answer.

38. End of Section 3 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

39. Section 4-1 Guide to Reading Most legal matters in a state are handled in a three-tiered state court system similar in structure to the federal judiciary. justice of the peace Main Idea Key Terms misdemeanor magistrate court plaintiff defendant felony Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

40. Section 4-2 Summarizing Information As you read, use a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 297 of your textbook to list features of state court systems. How are state courts organized? Reading Strategy Read to Learn How are state court judges selected? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.)

41. Section 4-4 Lower State Courts The state court system handles most of the nation’s legal matters. State courts interpret and apply state and local laws. The state court system has three tiers: courts for minor violations and lawsuits, courts for serious crimes and large civil suits, and appeals courts. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 297–298)

42. Section 4-5 Lower State Courts (cont.) Many rural areas and small towns have a justice court, which handles less serious crimes called misdemeanors. Justice courts do not use juries. An elected justice of the peace hears and decides cases. Larger towns may have police courts or magistrate courts. These courts handle minor offenses and civil cases involving sums usually less than $1,000. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 297–298)

43. Section 4-6 Lower State Courts (cont.) Large cities have municipal courts, often divided into specialized areas such as traffic, juvenile, and small claims courts. In small claims courts, plaintiffs (people filing lawsuits) and defendants (people being sued) speak for themselves, without lawyers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 297–298)

44. Section 4-8 Higher State Courts The second tier of state courts deals with felonies, or serious crimes, and civil cases involving large amounts of money. Defendants charged with felonies are tried in general trial courts, which may be called district courts, county courts, common pleas courts, circuit courts, or superior courts. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 298–299)

45. Section 4-9 Higher State Courts (cont.) Juries hear felony cases. The judge makes sure the trial is conducted fairly. The judge also decides the penalty when a defendant is found guilty. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 298–299)

46. Section 4-10 Higher State Courts (cont.) The third tier in most states is the appeals courts. A panel of judges decides the cases. If the judges feel the defendant did not get a fair trial, they can overturn the lower court’s decision. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 298–299)

47. Section 4-11 Higher State Courts (cont.) The state supreme court reviews the decisions of appeals courts. It also interprets the state’s constitution and laws. Except for cases involving federal law or the U.S. Constitution, the decision of the state supreme court is final. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 298–299)

48. Section 4-13 Selection of Judges Some state judges are elected by popular vote; others are elected by the state legislature or appointed by the governor. Some states select judges through the Missouri Plan, which combines appointment and popular election. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 299–300)

49. Section 4-14 Selection of Judges (cont.) Critics argue that judges who must win election may be more concerned with pleasing voters than administering the law impartially. Also, voters may know little or nothing about the candidates. Others argue that popular election of judges ensures a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 299–300)

50. Section 4-15 Selection of Judges (cont.) Judges usually have terms of 6 to 12 years. Longer terms are intended to make judges more independent of public opinion. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 299–300)

51. Section 4-16 Selection of Judges (cont.) Judges may be removed by impeachment. Most states also have boards that investigate complaints about judges. The board can make a recommendation to the state supreme court, which may then suspend or remove a judge for wrongdoing. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 299–300)

52. Section 4-23 Close Do you think it is fair for people who commit misdemeanors to have their cases heard by a judge, without a jury? Explain your answers.

53. End of Section 4 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

54. Review 1 Section 1: The Federal System In a federal system, the central government and the state governments share power. Cooperation among the federal and state governments involves highways, education, and welfare. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

55. Review 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2: The State Legislative Branch State legislatures operate much like the U.S. Congress does. Proposed bills go through the committee system.

56. Review 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3: The State Executive Branch Voters of each state elect their governors directly. Governors are the states’ chief executives.

57. Review 4 Section 4: The State Judicial Branch State courts are organized in a three-tier system. State judges are elected, appointed, or selected.

58. End of Review Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

59. Chapter Assessment 11 Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question. Which part of the U.S. Constitution grants the states reserved powers? Fthe Preamble GArticle 1 Hthe First Amendment Jthe Tenth Amendment Test-Taking Tip Although you may not be able to define all the parts of the Constitution listed in the answer choices, you can narrow down the choices by eliminating the answers you know are wrong. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

60. Chapter Assessment 12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What might be a disadvantage if states had a large amount of authority? It is less efficient than a centralized system of government and there may be great differences in the amount and quality of government services from one region to another.

61. End of Assessment Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

62. M&C Contents Charts Division of State and Federal Powers Powers and Duties of the Governor State Judicial System Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

63. M&C 1

64. M&C 2

65. M&C 3

66. WWWW3 First Woman Governor Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming was the first woman elected governor of a state. She was elected on November 9, 1924, to fill the unexpired term of her husband.

67. Time1 In the cartoonist’s view, what is the impact of the federal government’s decision to transfer responsibility for welfare to the states? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

68. Time2 The cartoonist suggests that transferring welfare loads from the federal government to the states will result in a devastating impact on current job programs, which will be crushed under the weight of the new regulations.

69. DFT1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

70. DFT2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

71. DFT3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. A president is responsible for governing the entire nation, whereas a governor enforces the laws of a state.

72. DFT4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

73. End of Slide Show Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.