1. The Civil Rights Movement March 2, 2015

2. The Civil Rights Movement Standard: SS8H11 The student will evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil rights movement.

3. The Beginnings… While we think of the modern civil rights movement as taking place during the 1960s, in reality, it started much ________ In Georgia, and other places in the United States, African-Americans had been making strides towards equality since right after ______________

4. Benjamin Mays Dr. Benjamin Mays was born in 1895 to parents who were former slaves He became a _________, working in South Carolina and Georgia –He taught at Morehouse College, becoming president of the college in 1940 He served as the ______________________ first African-American president He became an ___________ to Martin Luther King, Jr. during King’s freshman year at Morehouse He retired in 1981 A street and a high school in Atlanta are named after him

5. The End of the White Primary __________ elections determine who is ____________ to be on the ballot for the __________ election Although the ________________ gave African-American men the right to vote, legislators in Georgia twisted it to mean only in the __________ election So, only _________ voted in the primaries, guaranteeing that their candidates would be nominated In _______, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that white primaries were _________________ and from then on, African-American voters could take part in all elections

6. 1946 Governor’s Race Democrats Eugene Talmadge, Eurith Rivers, and James Carmichael were running _____________ became the party candidate due to the __________________ He ran unopposed, and was __________, but was in very poor _________ His advisors didn’t think he would live long enough to finish his term, so they came up with a _______ They had a few hundred supporters ___________ Talmadge’s son __________ on the ballot as their second choice

7. Government in Chaos Before being sworn in, Eugene Talmadge ______ The _____________ chose Herman Talmadge as governor based on the number of __________ votes he had received Technically, the ____________________, Melvin Thompson should have taken Eugene Talmadge’s place However, a group of Talmadge’s supporters broke in to the governor’s office, changed the locks, and prepared to run the state

8. Finally…a governor! ____________, the outgoing governor, was locked out of his own office, so he set up a new one and officially resigned the governorship 3 days later Lieutenant Governor _____________ also set up an office and began proceedings to become governor Since _________ was officially governor, there was no one running the ________ Finally in March, the state Supreme Court ruled that ____________ was the rightful governor until a special election could be held in 1948 In that election, ___________________ was legally elected governor of the state

9. Herman Talmadge Talmadge, who was re-elected in 1950, was a strict _______________ and __________ to integrate Georgia’s schools He tried to bring back the _______________, but failed He did improve ____________, even while keeping it segregated He expanded schools to include grades ______ and lengthened the school year to 9 months He raised ____________ for school buildings, transportation, and curriculum

10. Integration of schools… In 1950, a black student, Linda Brown tried to enroll at a white school in ________ She was denied, so her dad sued the school board The case, _____________________________, reached the U.S. Supreme Court In ______, the court ruled that “separate-but-equal” schools were ___________________ It ordered integration of schools This ruling overturned the ____________________ ruling that had allowed “separate-but-equal”

11. Sibley Commission In Georgia, most schools __________ to integrate In 1955, the Georgia legislature voted to cut off _________ to any system that integrated A commission, headed by John Sibley, was appointed to ________ the problem They found that most Georgians would rather ________ the schools than ____________ them The commission recommended that school systems be allowed to ________ on their own what they should do

12. Integration of Colleges On January 6, 1961, the ____________________, backed by the Governor Vandiver, allowed its first two black students, ______________________________, into the school _________ later graduated with honors and went on to become an orthopedic __________ __________ would become a nationally known newspaper and public television ___________ Governor Vandiver would go on to ask the legislature to _________ segregation laws in Georgia, paving the way for _____________ integration than in other states

13. The 1956 Georgia state flag In _______, the state flag was changed to incorporate the _______________ battle emblem African-Americans were offended as they felt this referenced __________ in the state’s past Georgia lost millions as the reference to “old- fashioned southern” traditions damaged the _________ industry It wasn’t changed until ____, then again in ______

14. Martin Luther King, Jr. MLK, Jr. was born in _________ in 1929 He attended ____________________ and obtained a Ph.D. He believed in a 4-pronged approach to gaining civil rights: direct, ____________ action; _______ remedies; _________; ____________________ He helped organize huge protests in Birmingham, AL that led to the writing of the ______________ laws by President John F. Kennedy He also spoke at the 1963 ______________________ He was _________________ in Memphis, TN in 1968

15. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Following Dr. King’s lead in _________________, a new era of protest was started by black college students with a _________ at a lunch counter in North Carolina in 1960 A sit-in occurs when people enter a public building and _________ to leave until they are served or their demands are met Even though they were refused service, the idea __________ around the South Later that year, the ________ (pronounced “snick”) was created Their first president was Georgian John Lewis They helped register African-Americans to ______, led ___________, organized _________, and _______________ businesses that wouldn’t serve African-Americans

16. Albany Movement Following the example of SNCC, a sit-in was organized in Albany, GA in the “whites-only” waiting room at the _____________ The protestors were ___________, which led the African-American community to form the ___________________ More protestors arrived, and were arrested, including high school students ____________, who had traveled to Albany, was arrested for protesting All of this led to a biracial committee being formed to study the concerns of African-Americans in Albany

17. March on Washington - 1963 President Kennedy sent the strongest ____________ bill in history to Congress in June 1963 Congress took their time with it, leading to over 250,000 people representing all races and nationalities to gather at the ___________________________ to demonstrate for its passage __________ gave the most famous speech of his career, the ______________________ speech here on August 28, 1963

18. The 1964 Civil Rights Act The bravery of civil rights demonstrators and the March on Washington caught the nation by storm Even though President Kennedy was assassinated in Nov. 1963, the new president, Lyndon Johnson, continued to urge Congress to _______ the civil rights laws It was eventually passed into law, and became the most ________________ civil rights legislation in American history –It made segregation of public places __________ –It ______________ discrimination in businesses –It withheld _________ from public school systems that refused to ____________

19. Changes in Georgia’s government In the 1960s, two rulings by the federal court brought dramatic ________ to the political structure in Georgia –The end of the ______________ system –____________________ The 1970s saw the election of ___________________ as Atlanta’s mayor and to the U.S. House of Representatives

20. The End of the County Unit System This system had been in place since 1917 to give power to Georgia’s ______ areas In 1962, the Georgia federal court ruled the county unit system violated the ________________ This caused a ______ in political power to the _______ areas, and gave predominantly black populations an _______ opportunity to elect representatives As a result, Leroy Johnson was elected in 1962 as the first African-American state senator since Reconstruction

21. Reapportionment When the county unit system decision was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, they handed down the ___________________ decision This is the concept that every citizen’s vote should be _______ to every other citizen’s vote no matter where they ______ In 1964, the federal court ruled that Georgia ___________ the one- person, one-vote concept by distributing _____ legislative seat to each _________ The court said that legislative seats should be based on ____________ rather than county boundary lines Georgia had to ______________ (redraw) its voting districts so they were of _________ population size This also shifted ____________ power to _________ areas

22. Lester Maddox ________________ was elected governor in 1967 Although Maddox was a famous _________________, he surprised Georgians by appointing more _____________________ to state boards and commissions He integrated the ______________________ He also reformed state _________ and increased spending on teacher salaries and higher education

23. Maynard Jackson Jackson became Atlanta’s ______ African-American _________ in ______ He helped the city progress by _______________ the police and fire departments, as well as city government He led the development of ________ and expanded the _________ into one of the busiest in the world He helped lead the efforts to bring the 1996 ___________ to Atlanta When he died in ______, the airport was renamed Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in his honor

24. Andrew Young Young, who is from Thomasville, GA, was a trusted aide to Dr. King and was in Memphis when he was assassinated He was elected to the _________________________ in 1972 He was twice re-elected to the House He was appointed as ____________________ to the United Nations in 1977 He returned to Georgia in 1981, where he was elected ________ of Atlanta twice He helped bring the 1996 __________ to Atlanta and is currently a professor at Georgia State University

25. Questions… 1) How is Benjamin Mays connected to Dr. King? 2) When did the white primary end? 3) Who was elected governor in the 1946 election? 4) Why did the legislature choose Herman Talmadge as governor after Eugene Talmadge’s death? 5) Who was eventually appointed governor by the Supreme Court? 6) What did Herman Talmadge refuse to do while Georgia’s governor? 7) How did Talmadge improve education? 8) What did the Brown v. Board of Education decision say? 9) What ruling did Brown overturn? 10) What did the Sibley Commission recommend? 11) Who were the first African-Americans to integrate UGA? 12) Why did the 1956 state flag offend many African-Americans?

26. More Questions… 13) What famous civil rights leader was born in Atlanta in 1929? 14) What was Dr. King’s approach to gaining civil rights? 15) What did the SNCC do? 16) What was the Albany Movement protesting? 17) Why was the March on Washington organized? 18) What famous speech was delivered at the March on Washington in 1963? 19) What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do? 20) What amendment did the county unit system violate? 21) How did the end of the county unit system affect elections? 22) What is the “one-person, one-vote” concept? 23) How did Georgia have to reapportion its voting districts? 24) How did Lester Maddox surprise Georgians? 25) What political positions did Andrew Young hold? 26) Who was Atlanta’s first African-American mayor? 27) What were Jackson’s accomplishments as mayor?

27. Questions… 1) How is Benjamin Mays connected to Dr. King? 2) When did the white primary end? 3) Who was elected governor in the 1946 election? 4) Why did the legislature choose Herman Talmadge as governor after Eugene Talmadge’s death? 5) Who was eventually appointed governor by the Supreme Court? 6) What did Herman Talmadge refuse to do while Georgia’s governor? 7) How did Talmadge improve education? 8) What did the Brown v. Board of Education decision say? 9) What ruling did Brown overturn? 10) What did the Sibley Commission recommend? 11) Who were the first African-Americans to integrate UGA? 12) Why did the 1956 state flag offend many African-Americans?

28. More Questions… 13) What famous civil rights leader was born in Atlanta in 1929? 14) What was Dr. King’s approach to gaining civil rights? 15) What did the SNCC do? 16) What was the Albany Movement protesting? 17) Why was the March on Washington organized? 18) What famous speech was delivered at the March on Washington in 1963? 19) What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do? 20) What amendment did the county unit system violate? 21) How did the end of the county unit system affect elections? 22) What is the “one-person, one-vote” concept? 23) How did Georgia have to reapportion its voting districts? 24) How did Lester Maddox surprise Georgians? 25) What political positions did Andrew Young hold? 26) Who was Atlanta’s first African-American mayor? 27) What were Jackson’s accomplishments as mayor?

29. Questions… 1) How is Benjamin Mays connected to Dr. King? 2) When did the white primary end? 3) Who was elected governor in the 1946 election? 4) Why did the legislature choose Herman Talmadge as governor after Eugene Talmadge’s death? 5) Who was eventually appointed governor by the Supreme Court? 6) What did Herman Talmadge refuse to do while Georgia’s governor? 7) How did Talmadge improve education? 8) What did the Brown v. Board of Education decision say? 9) What ruling did Brown overturn? 10) What did the Sibley Commission recommend? 11) Who were the first African-Americans to integrate UGA? 12) Why did the 1956 state flag offend many African-Americans?

30. More Questions… 13) What famous civil rights leader was born in Atlanta in 1929? 14) What was Dr. King’s approach to gaining civil rights? 15) What did the SNCC do? 16) What was the Albany Movement protesting? 17) Why was the March on Washington organized? 18) What famous speech was delivered at the March on Washington in 1963? 19) What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do? 20) What amendment did the county unit system violate? 21) How did the end of the county unit system affect elections? 22) What is the “one-person, one-vote” concept? 23) How did Georgia have to reapportion its voting districts? 24) How did Lester Maddox surprise Georgians? 25) What political positions did Andrew Young hold? 26) Who was Atlanta’s first African-American mayor? 27) What were Jackson’s accomplishments as mayor?