1. Unit 1: Three Worlds Meet
Beginnings to 1763
Pages 22-37

2. B.C.E. and C.E.
B.c.e. means, “before the common era,” and refers to time periods from the beginning up until 0. Also know as b.c.
C.e. means the “common era,” and refers to time periods from 1 until present day. Also known as a.d.
Do not be confused, write these down and everything will be ok!!

3. What Three Worlds???
This should have been your very first question. What is your second question??
WHEN DOES THE BEGINNING START??? This is your second question.
Remember to question what you read!!
Answer to first question-- Europe, Africa, and America’s

4. Group Work
Divide into your groups and look at the timeline and picture on page 25.
You are to speculate about what emotions the Native Americans felt as they watched the ship approach, and write them down.
Next, as a group, construct three questions the Native Americans might want to ask the people on the ship.
You have 10 minutes, then we will share our thoughts with the class

6. Effective Note Taking: A Reminder
What is the piece of writing about?
Read the introduction and headings.
Look at illustrations, charts and graphs and read the captions.
What are the main points or ideas
Read through carefully thinking about what the main points or ideas are.
Make your notes
In your own words, summarize the information. Do not copy information directly from the book or internet. If you include a quote that is written in the book, use quotation marks.

7. Crossing to the Americas P. 27-31
Chapter 1: Section 1
Crossing to the Americas P

8. Vocabulary Words for Chapter 1: Section 1
Here is a list of words you are responsible for:
Archaeologist
Artifact
Migrate
Culture
Domestication
Civilization
Irrigation
Mound Builders
Beringia
Know these words, you will see them again later!! (Hint :) ) These words can be found in your textbook, p

9. Archaeologist

10. Artifact

11. Migrate

12. Culture
What can you tell about the culture, of these children, from these pictures?

13. Domestication

14. Civilization

15. What is a civilization?? What features do you need to have a civilization??

16. 5 Features of a Civilization
1. Cities are center of trade
2. Specialized jobs for different people
3. Organized forms of gov’t and religion
4. System of record keeping
5. Advanced tools

17. What leads to civilization?
The five features, but what is the most important invention leading to the formation of civilizations?
Irrigation, Domestication
Irrigation leads to agriculture, which leads to trade, which leads to villages, etc..

18. Irrigation

19. First People in America
Migrated using the land bridge called Beringia.
Where did they migrate from and why?
Where is/was Beringia located?
When exactly is the beginning?
Artifacts date back as far as 30,000 years ago!!

21. First People in America
Beringia created during the Ice Age
People believed to have migrated from Asia
Migrated in search of food

22. Early American Artifacts

23. Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

24. Mesoamerica???
Region that stretches from Central Mexico to present day Nicaragua
1200 b.c.e.(before common era) Olmec’s: an advanced Native American civilization that inhabited this area
They lasted for 800 years: set up trade routes, built earthen mounds shaped like pyramids, and constructed large cities-- La Venta
400 b.c.e, they vanished. But they influenced cultures they traded with, namely, the Mayan’s

25. The Mayan’s Located in Southern Mexico and Guatemala
By 250 c.e. (common era) they had an advanced civilization where they built pyramids, and had an accurate yearly calendar
1st people to create a number system and they used pictographs as their written language.
By 900, they disappeared. Where did they go??
Scientists do not know, but speculate that either disease, revolts, or drought led to their extinction

26. Mayan Pyramid of Kukulkan

27. The Four Corner Native American Tribes

28. 4 Corner Tribes are found in these states:

29. We will focus on two of the 4 tribes
Anasazi: artifacts found in all 4 states (Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona)
Hohokam: artifacts found mainly in Arizona

30. Location of these tribes

31. Map of 4 Corner Native Americans

32. Anasazi Tribe
Lived in the four corner states area from 100 c.e. to circa 1300 c.e.
Were nomadic hunter-gatherers , who settled and became farmers
Cultivated maize (corn), squash, and beans
Actively traded with other cultures
Created roads to make trade easier
No writing system--instead used pictographs

33. Anasazi “spirals”

34. Anasazi pictographs

35. Anasazi cont… Lived on high mesas and in canyons
Built homes out of sun-dried, mud bricks, called Pueblos
Built homes up against overhanging walls: Why??
Protection, and keep cool in summer and warm in winter
Lived in communal houses
Houses shared by several families
Used kivas, a large, deep circle, for rituals

36. KIVA

37. What is inside a kiva??

38. Anasazi Pueblo Cliff Dwelling

39. Anasazi Pueblo Cliff Dwelling

40. Anasazi Cave Dwelling

41. Anasazi cont.. By 1300 c.e., culture declined
1600, all villages abandoned
Left all belongings in villages--Why?
Theories as to why
Drought, invaders (war), or a breakdown in their social structure

42. Hohokam Tribe
From 300 c.e. to 1500 c.e., they lived mainly in the Arizona area known as the Tucson Base
“Desert Agriculturalists”--greatest of the desert farmers . Built villages close to streams so they could farm
Adopted the “rancheria” style of living
People living in widely separated house groups within the village
Used pictographs as their writing style

43. Hohokam Pictographs

44. Hohokam “big” house

45. Hohokam cont…
They were master pottery makers: using the clay, earthen jars to store crops, maize, and water
Dug ditches to water their crops
Also known as irrigation
They hunted and gathered, but farming was their main source of food

46. Hohokam irrigation canal

47. Hohokam irrigation canal

48. Hohokam cont…
By 1100 c.e., the Hohokam and the Mogollon tribes started integrating with each other
Started living in large, apartment like adobe houses
By 1350, their cultures were dwindling: due to environmental factors (drought)
1600, a completely new breed of tribes inhabited the area, and were encountered by the Spanish

49. Mound Builders
Lived in the Eastern part of the U.S.--mainly the Mississippi valley area
Three major groups:
Adena
Hopewell
Mississippians
These groups built large, earthen structures--some in shapes of mounds, others serpent-like

50. Adena/Hopewell Map

51. Adena
Forced their way into their way into the Ohio Valley around 1000 b.c.e., and lasted until circa 100 c.e.
Unusually tall people: archeologist found female bones 6’ tall, and found some males over 7’ tall

52. Adena cont..
Known for their agricultural practices, pottery, artistic works and extensive trading network
Acquired copper from the Great Lakes and sea shells from the Gulf coast due to trade
Built thousands of mounds (only some remain) ranging from feet in diameter

53. Adena cont.. Purpose of the mounds:
served as burial structures, ceremonial sites, historical markers and possibly gathering places
Adena culture seemed to end around 100 c.e.--Why?
Theory: they assimilated into the Hopewell culture

54. Adena Mound

55. Great Serpent

56. Hopewell Culture flourished from 200 b.c.e to around 400 c.e.
Situated along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern U.S.
Known for its’ burial ceremonies, diversified culture, and trade with other communities

57. Hopewell cont…
Exported and imported raw materials from across the country---This means they traded, and traded often
Relied more on agriculture (farming) as opposed to being traditional hunter-gatherers
Chief crops included squash, maize, and sunflowers

58. Hopewell cont… Used a variety of metal for tools and weapons.
Obtained these metals via trade
Ceased to exist between 200 and 400 c.e.
Theories: society dissolved because of full-scale farming

59. Hopewell Mound

60. Hopewell Mound

61. Hopewell Mound

62. Mississippians
Lasted from around 700 to the 1700’s c.e.--Even encountered early Europeans
Lived primarily in the Mississippi valley area
Built one of the first cities in North America called Cahokia, in Illinois
Cahokia covered about 6 miles and had a population from 10,000 to 20,000 people
By 1400, the city was abandoned: Either disease or war with the Europeans

63. Artists Rendition of Cahokia

64. Ruins of Cahokia

65. Mississippians Cont… Very sophisticated Complex Mounds
Political systems
Elaborate trade networks
Complex Mounds
Over 100 of them
Some have houses, some have clay pottery, some were never used

66. Mississippians Cont.. 1200 c.e., they started to decline
A shift in climate may have affected their crop growth
By 1400, the city was abandoned, and the culture gone

67. Mississippian Mound

68. Mississippian Mound

69. Group Work
With members of your group, create a graphic organizer for the different Native American tribes we learned about
Make it on a separate sheet of paper in your notebook. Each student needs to have one

70. Example
Anasazi
Hopewell
Mississippians
Adena
Hohokam