1. Work with colleagues and customers
Week (6)
Work with colleagues and customers

2. Introduction
The hospitality industry is about people. If you work in this industry you will spend a great deal of time interacting with your customers.
Communication takes place everyday between a variety of people and in various ways.
It is not what we say but how we say it.

3. Communication
What is it?

4. What is communication?
The word communication is about passing information from one person to another.
Effective Communication exists when the message that one person communicates is received by another as intended.

5. Effective Communication
Good communication requires:
the use of all our senses
displaying appropriate body language
Appropriate use of tone, pitch in our voice
being an effective listener
providing feedback

6. On successful completion of this chapter you will be able to:
Communicate with others
Maintain personal presentation standards
Provide service to colleagues and customers
Respond to conflicts and customer complaints
Work in a team.

7. Communicate with customers
Stages of communication
The sender – how this person communicates is determined by influences such as education, self-image, cultural background, family, friends, attitude, feelings and emotions.
The message – the link between sender and receiver. May be written, verbal, non-verbal or all three.
The receiver – is affected by same influences as sender. It is not relevant if receiver agrees with message, what is important is that message is received as intended.

8. Stages of communication
Channel
stage (2)
Message is sent
Encode
Sender
(stage 1)
Sender has a message to communicate
Decode
Stage (3)
Receiver
receives the message as intended
Noise or interference
Feedback
Context

9. Communicate with customers
Workplace communication is between ourselves and our colleagues (internal customers) and between ourselves and clients (external customers).
Irrespective of who we communicate with, it is important that we be:
Be polite, professional and friendly
Use an appropriate tone
Use appropriate body language
Show sensitivity to differences
Actively listen
Ask questions to facilitate understanding.

10. Communicate with customers
Choosing the right channel – before sending the message we need to consider:
The intended audience
The purpose of the communication
The situation
Degree of formality required
Urgency/time frames
Access of sender and receiver to equipment.

11. Types of communication
Communication can be:
Verbal/Oral
Non-Verbal
(body language)
Written

13. Communicate with customers
Oral communication
The most frequent form of communication. Can be delivered:
Face to face
Over the telephone
When using a two-way communication system.
Three elements of communication are vitally important:
Verbal – what we say
Vocal – how we say it
Visual – what the receiver sees.
All three need to communicate the same meaning to be effective.

14. Communicate with customers
Refining our verbal communication
Whilst jargon is useful to industry communication, we need to be careful not to use it in the wrong circumstance.
When speaking, we need to:
Speak clearly
Avoid slang
Develop our vocabulary
Make the content appropriate and relevant
Put the words in the correct context.

15. Communicate with customers
Refining our vocal communication
Includes our voice projection, tone, pitch, speed and breathing techniques
We need to:
Vary our tone
Be aware of pitch
Project our voice
Speak to consistent speed
Remember to breathe!

16. Communicate with customers
Refining our vocal communication
Includes our voice projection, tone, pitch, speed and breathing techniques.
We need to:
Vary our tone
Be aware of pitch
Project our voice
Speak to consistent speed
Remember to breathe!

17. Communicate with customers
Refining our visual communication
Arguably the most important element as people watch what we do when we speak as much as what we say. We need to:
Be aware of personal space
Maintain eye contact and be aware of facial expressions
Maintain strong posture and develop appropriate hand and body movements
Maintain a high standard of personal presentation.

18. Non-verbal communication
Types of body language - the non-verbal signals, movements and gestures we use to aid/hinder communication.
They include
Open body language means we are receptive to the message being sent. We demonstrate this through signals such as maintaining eye contact, smiling, and nodding head
Closed may indicate we are not interested in the message, and we indicate this through looking away, folding our arms or legs, frowning, or rolling the eyes
Body language should not be interpreted in isolation and must be read in conjunction with what is being said (verbal message), and how (vocal). We must also allow for cultural differences.

19. Non-verbal communication
Facial expressions – “the eyes are the window to the soul”.
We can often tell from a person’s face whether they are happy, sad, angry .
Dress and accessories – most enterprises will have standards of dress, whilst still allowing for individualism. We should be sensitive to others by avoiding:
Upsetting or alienating haircuts
Multi-coloured hair in a conservative workplace
Excessive body jewellery as it may be unsafe
Wearing political badges or clothing.

20. Non-verbal communication
Personal space – the distance we require between another person and ourselves when interacting to feel comfortable.
Being aware of other people’s space is an important part of communication.
Physical contact – be very aware of what is and is not appropriate in our workplace!

21. Space
How people use their personal space and that of others communicates a message.
If you tower over other people in a way that intrudes on their personal space you may cause discomfort and withdrawal

22. Non-Verbal Communication Space
Research has shown that Australians speaking to acquaintances or work colleagues leave about an arm’s length of space and to friends and family about half an arm’s length.
In intimate relationships people allow direct and close contact.

23. Non-Verbal Communication Dress And Accessories
This aspect of nonverbal communication gives you a lot of information.
The clothes a person wears can disclose economic and social class, personality, occupation, values, attitudes and self-concept. Clothes are used to project an image and are used to indicate group memberships and affiliations.

24. Voice Tonality and Volume
Your voice is a reliable indicator of nationality, regional origin, social class, educational level, age and gender. It also discloses the emotional state of the speaker and conveys attitudes.

25. Cultural differences in Communication
Cultural differences may include
Modes of greeting
Body language
Formality of language

26. What is this person communicating?

27. What is this person communicating?

28. What is this person communicating?

29. What is this person communicating?

30. Written communication
Effective communication is reliant on the words we choose, how we present them and the correct use of grammar. Written communication is only one option, and is can be used for items such as:
Itineraries, confirmation of bookings, personal or business letters, memorandums (memos), reports.
They can be sent via:
, facsimile, personal or business letter via post, simple written message etc.

31. Written communication
Whichever medium is used, good communication depends on several elements:
Clarity
Conciseness
Tone
Presentation
Correct language
Ability of the receiver.
If any of the elements are missing, or could be misinterpreted, then written communication may not be the most appropriate way to communicate.

32. What are on their minds?

33. What is he communicating?

34. What do you think President Bush is communicating here?

35. Is this man enjoying the food?

36. What do you think is happening here?

37. Factors affecting medium selection and protocols
Selecting the most appropriate medium is not always obvious, and must consider the audience, purpose and situation. We need to consider:
Technical or operational features of the equipment used
Access of sender and receiver to necessary equipment
Required format for written forms of communication
Degree of formality
Urgency and time frames.
Protocols are accepted codes of behaviour or set of rules about the way in which we conduct ourselves. This may also cover how we communicate, especially with customers such as doctors, judges, diplomats, clergy and politicians.

38. Effective listening skills
Hearing can be done unconsciously whereas listening requires concentration and to actively participate in the communication process!
Our visual response is the best indicator of whether or not we are listening. This includes:
Are we looking at the speaker? Are we offering feedback? Are our faces indicating understanding?
Verbal and vocal cues include:
Was the message sent without interruption? Does the listener ask questions? Is the response as expected or appropriate? Could the sender finish their sentences?
When we are listening:
Do we actively work at listening? Do we judge content, not delivery? Do we listen for the real meaning? Are we concentrating on the speaker and resisting distractions? Are we providing feedback? Do we let the speaker finish before we speak or give our response?

39. Effective questioning technique
All good communication including active listening involves asking questions. We need to identify the correct technique.
Open questions are used to elicit more information when we are unsure as to what is happening or what someone wants. E.g. “Can you tell me about ...?”
Closed questions are for when we need a definitive answer e.g. “Were you unhappy with the actual facilities?” (Try to obtain a “Yes” or “No” to narrow down reason for complaint).

40. Formal, informal or the ‘grapevine’.
Formal communication – structured communication that includes passing information through accepted channels such as letters, memos, policies and procedures etc.
Informal communication – is sent through unstructured means such as oral communication. If this is committed to writing then it becomes formal.
The grapevine – is an informal channel whereby information is passed from person to person by word of mouth. It is usually unreliable or inaccurate however can be an effective way to communicate information quickly.

41. Barriers to effective communication
Those things that get in the way of effective communication are called barriers. Apart from background differences, there may also be interference. Examples include:
Selective listening
Jumping to conclusions
Inconsistency in delivery
Cultural differences
Lack of confidence
Physical barriers
Lack of time
Thought speed
Impatience
Prejudice
Bad habits
Noise.

42. Barriers to effective communication
How do we overcome the barriers?
There are many reasons why communication may be unsuccessful – if we can identify any of the elements of interference in the previous slide as being ours, it is easier to overcome the barriers.
Step one – recognise they exist
Step two - understanding the influences on both sender and receiver
Step three – make plans to overcome those barriers including our own personal goals to change behaviour if it is interfering with communication.
Finally, practise!