1. Chapter 25 Section 1

4. Life in Modern India: Marriage 1. Even thou it economy is modernizing, many Indians still live and work in traditional ways Marriage and family is the center of Indian life. Most Indians follow the custom of arranged marriage. Urban people choose their own spouses. Large family; relatives from several generation live under one roof. Marriage male-dominated & divorce are rare.

5. Food  2. largely vegetarian diet base on rice, legumes, and flatbreads called Hapati or roti.  Some Indians eat meat, fish, and chicken, often in spicy dishes called curry.  Meat consumption is limited by Muslim and Hindu.

6. India Past Time  3. Sports: soccer, field hockey & cricket.  Music: instruments such as sitar and the tabla.  Bollywood which located in Mumbai, Bombay competes with foreign films industry.

7. Education  4. Most Indians still work on farms or in small craft industries.  Education is important; most middle class children attend school.  Literacy is improving and government is working on better preparing its citizens.

8. Languages  18 major language  1,000 languages & dialects are spoken  English is also spoken  Southern India: Telugu, Tamil, Kannada & Malayalam.

9. Hinduism & other religions Hinduism is a complex religion with roots in Aryan culture. 80% of population Believe in reincarnation Moral consequences: karma, action have an effect on one’s fortunes in rebirth. Polytheism Dharma: fulfilling one’s purpose in life Artha: prosperity Kama: desire, sexuality, enjoyment; Moksha: enlightenment

10.  Sikhism:  Guru Nanak; 1500 A.D.  3 million followers  One God (Onkar,Nam)  Overcome the self, will of God, fighting for good.  Reincarnation until resolve with karma  Jainism:  Mahavira, 550 B.C. Eastern Indai  4 million followers  Universe is eternal  Many Gods  The soul is uncreated and eternal  Reincarnation until liberation  Buddhism:  Founded by Siddharta Gautama in 520 B.C.  360 million  Gods: Varies (Theravada, Mahayana & Buddha taught nothing is permanent)  Purpose is to avoid suffering and gain enlightenment and release from cycle of rebirth or at least attain a better rebirth.  Reincarnation until gain enlightenment

11. Caste system: Aryan system of social classes  Four basic class system  Brahmans: priests & Scholars  Kshatriyas: rulers and warriors  Vaisyas: farmers & merchants  Sudras: artisans & Laborers

12. A new social class  Outside the system altogether were the  Dalits, or untouchables, they had the lowest status  (It was eliminated in the Indian constitution)  Hindu belief is each person is born into a caste, has Dharma (Duty), to that specific caste.  A person can only move into a different the caste system through reincarnation.

13. Pakistan & Bangladesh 1. both Muslim countries; Pakistan is stricter in its imposition of Islamic law 2. Pakistan has five main ethnic groups, each with its own language. Punjabis are the largest; Urdu is the official language. Most of the people of Bangladesh are Bengalis. Bangladesh also has other non-Muslims and about ten percent Hindus. 3. an important oral tradition; In Pakistan mushairas, or poetry reading, can draw thousands of people. Most important literary figure of Bangladesh is Rabindranath Tagore, the 1913 Nobel Prize winner. 4. Share classical music traditions similar to those of India; qawwali, Sufi devotional music, and folk music are important in both cultures. Bangladesh has a long tradition of folk dances for acting out Bengali myths, legends, and stories.

15. Nepal & Bhutan  1. kingdoms in which the ruler’s powers are limited by a constitution; both Bhutan (king is supreme ruler)and Nepal (share power) are constitutional monarchies with kings.  2. Nepalese people of Tibetan ancestry who are the traditional mountain guides of the Everest region; preserved their language & custom  3. founder of Buddhism, was born in southern Nepal in the sixth century B.C.  4. Geometric designs that are symbols of the universe and used as an aid to Buddhist meditation

18. Sri Lanka & the Maldives 1. a single island chain close to India 2. a chain of 1200 tiny islands 3. Multi-ethnic: Sinhalese, Tamils, Christians 4. Multi-ethnic: Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, Southeast Asian, and Chinese 5. Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Christians 6. Islam is the state religion, and no other religions are allowed. 7. agriculture, especially plantation agriculture; has increasing manufacturing; gemstones 8. Fishing, long the primary industry, has been replaced by tourism 9. civil war 10. global warming