1. Prof. Dr. Ramez N. Bedwani

2. Life is not going smooth all the time. We are subjected most of the time to various types of pressure and stressful factors. We cope with stress normally by certain physiological and psychological devices.

3. Stress refers to: The widespread, generalized responses of the body to various environmental, physical or social situations Stressors refer to: The situations, or events which elicit the stress responses of the body

4. Changes in one’s life Injury Infection Exercise Noise Climate Frustration Loss of job Social / family troubles / disasters (as death of a member, major illness etc.)

5. However stresses could be major /minor & the response is usually appropriate to the severity Sometimes a minor environmental event may have massive psychological meaning for some sensitive or fragile individual e.g.: An anxious adolescent who becomes disorganized on the occasion of leaving his family to college,

6. Refers to: the body response to stressors This syndrome has three stages: a- The alarm reaction: which is the emergency response of the body

7. b- The stage of resistance: Characterized by certain hormonal response c- The stage of exhaustion: During which the body’s ability to respond to stressors has been seriously affected. Various psychosomatic disorders may occur as a result of stress

8. A- Under normal healthy conditions: The nature has provided the individual with normal devices to cope with stressors. Individual differs in their ability and ways to cope with stress Healthy individuals may resolve the crisis in an adaptive growth promoting fashion such as : (a)facing the reality and respecting its demands by increasing effort (b)Enhancing problem solving attitude (c)Finding some other new way of adaptation to overcome the obstacle

9. (d)Social support : Every individual varies in his need for external support from the surrounding members of the family or society. Such support is increased in stressful situations and is very helpful, The typical example of such attitude in our society is the habits and ritual of funeral after death of a close family member. Relatives and acquaintances gather together to overcome the situation directly and indirectly e)Adaptive mental mechanisms help to cope with stress automatically and beyond conscious awareness

10. B-Some techniques of rehabilitation and aids: When a person is intolerable to most stresses whatever minor, he may resort to certain devices and technique that could train him to become more capable to manage stress situations

11. This would include: 1- Proper religious meditation through normal praying or, mediation is a modified method of relaxing mind through special attention to and repeating certain religious words 2-Relaxation training

12. 3- Biofeedback: -Here a procedure is learnt to modify internal responses such as heart rate and body temperature -Involuntary physiological responses could be brought under voluntary control through instrumental conditioning 4- Systematic desensitization: Gradual exposure to fearful stimuli

13. 5-Hypnosis: - In this device deep trance state in which one is very suggestible - Now, it is believed that it is better to modify the behavior while in the normal state of consciousness to achieve more lasting results

14. These are bodily disturbances that result from or are exaggerated by emotional hyperactivity or accumulating stress Gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and skin are more liable to be affected

15. There is an interaction between stress and other factors such as: Personality characteristics Early childhood experiences Hereditary and Constitutional factors to produce pathological changes in a specific organ

16. GIT: Peptic ulcer & ulcerative colitis Cardiovascular: Hypertension Coronary heart disease Skin: alopecia areata Respiratory: bronchial asthma

17. Stressful conditions have to be overcome daily to get a healthy psychological life

18. Hypnosis and stress فاتن لطفي عبد الحميد محمد محمد غالي عبد العزيز صالح مرسي فاطمه صبحى محمود عبد الرحيم احمد فاطمة محمد عبد السلام محمد خليل كريم ابراهيم السعيد احمد زيدان Defense mechanisms كريم احمد خليفه عبد المطلب كريم خالد عبد السلام عبد المجيد كريم محمد احمد هاشم ماريان ميلاد قدوس شنودة محمد ابراهيم ابراهيم عبد الهادي النادي Personality Types محمد احمد فتوح احمد سعده محمد احمد محمد قاقا محمد انور عبد الغنى السيد هلال محمد خالد اسماعيل عبد العال محمد صالح السيد صابر سعيد

19. All are correct psychosomatic disorders, except : -peptic ulcer -Bronchial asthma -Some skin diseases -Cancer