1. The Psychodynamic Model
Main assumptions:
Human Functioning is shaped by “Dynamic(interacting)” psychological forces
Psychological disorders are caused by emotional problems in the unconscious mind
The causes of these emotional problems can usually be traced back to early childhood
The relationship between child and parents is a crucial determinant of mental health
The symptoms of a disorder have a hidden meaning that can be decoded

2. The Unconscious Mind Thoughts Perceptions Memories Stored knowledge
The conscious. The small amount of mental activity we know about.
The preconscious. Things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried.
The unconscious. Things we are unaware of and can not become aware of.
Thoughts
Perceptions
Memories
Stored knowledge
Fears
Unacceptable sexual desires
Violent motives
Irrational wishes
Immoral urges
Selfish needs
Shameful experiences
Traumatic experiences

3. The Psyche
Id:
Instincts
Ego:
Reality
Superego:
Morality

4. OK Guys – I’m in charge. Anything you want has to go through me.
Healthy Psyche
OK Guys – I’m in charge. Anything you want has to go through me.
OK.
OK.
Ego Id
Superego

5. Neurotic Psyche Superego Id Ego
Listen up! I’m in charge, and you are not here to enjoy yourselves. Get ready for a double-size portion of anxiety with a side order of guilt!
No fun.
>whimper<
Superego Id
Ego

6. Psychotic Psyche Sex! Food! Drink! Drugs! NOW! Id Ego Superego
Who turned out the lights? Id
Ego
Superego

7. Psychopathic Psyche
OK. First, gimme food. Then I want sex – lots of it and I don’t particularly care whether it’s with a willing partner. Then I want to hurt people. Badly. Probably be hungry again after that so…
OK then. Let’s go.

8. Defense Mechanisms Function: Used by ego to defend against anxiety
Involves distortion of reality
Operate unconsciously

9. Defense Mechanisms

10. Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Denial
Refusal to accept external realities because too threatening to enter awareness
Repression
Internal impulses and memories too threatening so bared from entering awareness
Projection
Attribute unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others (project these inappropriate thoughts etc onto others)
Displacement
Shifting attention from one target that is no longer available to a more acceptable or “safer” substitute

11. Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Sublimation
Healthiest defense mechanism
Compromise
Takes socially unacceptable impulses and turns them into something positive & acceptable
Rationalization
Explaining an unacceptable behavior in a way that overlooks present shortcomings or failures
Reaction Formation
Converting unacceptable and dangerous impulses into something positive to reduce anxiety
Regression
Reverting to behavior that is characteristic to an earlier stage of development when confronted with stress or anxiety

12. Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Identification
Affiliation oneself psychologically with a person, group or institution.
Wearing T-Shirts or jackets with sports teams.
Undoing
Trying to undo an unacceptable act.
To nullify a negative activity
Intellectualization
Also called isolation of affect
T ponder topics such as death and separation without the negative emotions
Isolation
Refusing to deal with or encounter unpleasant objects or situations.

13. Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Compensation
Covering up weakness.
Bald people wearing hats.
Fantasy
Gratifying frustrated desires.
Such as day dreaming.
Emotional Insulation
Coping with stress by engaging in actions rather than reflecting on internal feelings.
Aim Inhibition
Accepting a modified form of the original goal
Such as becoming a basketball coach rather than a professional athlete.

14. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Oral (0-18 months)
Anal (18-36 months)
Phallic (3-6 years)
Latency (6 to puberty)
Genital (puberty on)
FOCUS
Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, chewing, biting
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings. Oedipus and Electra Complex Zone.
Dormant sexual feeling
Maturation of sexual interest

15. Therapeutic Techniques of Psychoanalysis
Free association
Patient says whatever comes to mind
Catharsis: Expression of emotions that is expected to lead to the reduction of disturbing symptoms
Slips of tongue (“Freudian slip”)
Jokes
Freud believed that unconscious desires and unfulfilled wishes are expressed through jokes and slips of the tongue

16. Freudian “Slip & Joke”

17. Therapeutic Techniques of Psychoanalysis
Dream analysis
The royal road to the unconscious and Guardian of Sleep
Manifest content (what it Appeared to be)
Latent content (repressed Thoughts Seeking Expression)
According to Freud’s(1955) dream symbolism theory, dreams contain objects that depict male and female sexuality

18. The Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
The Personal and the Collective Unconscious
Jung shared, yet rejected, many of Freud's beliefs
Jung believed in the importance of the unconscious and the power of dream analysis
Jung favored spirituality and the notion of psychosocial rather than psychosexual energy

19. The Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
The Personal and the Collective Unconscious
Jung referred to the personal unconscious as a collection of personal experiences
Coined the term ‘complex’ to reflect personal tension
Referred to a collective unconscious to reflect spiritual influences, composed of various archetypes, that are inherited and universal

20. The Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Specific Archetypes
The mandala refers to the goal of a developing unified self that is a unique process (individuation)
The anima refers to the feminine side of males, whereas the animus refers to the masculine side of females
The shadow archetype refers to the dark side of humanity

21. The Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Introversion–Extroversion
Jung was the first person to make the extroversion–introversion distinction
Jung viewed extroversion as energy habitually directed outward and introversion as energy habitually directed inward
Jung viewed extroversion and introversion as different cognitive states that affect attention and objectivity

22. The Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler
Adler’s perspective views each person as unique, and he represents a movement called individual psychology
Adler refuted Freud’s notion that sexual urges motivate people
Adler believed that people try to overcome a sense of inferiority that arises from a biological weakness (organ inferiority) or from a psychological weakness

23. The Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler
Styles of Life and the Meaning of Life
Styles of life are unique patterns of life expression that are the result of early life experiences
Meanings that are “gravely mistaken” result from situations that involve organ inferiority, pampered children, and neglected children

24. The Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler
Styles of Life and the Meaning of Life
Organ inferiority contributes to humiliation and defensiveness from social comparisons, but can be overcomed
Pampered children feel prominent and may react when they no longer feel this way
Neglected children may become cold and hostile due to their mistrust of others

25. The Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler
Styles of Life and the Meaning of Life
Adler’s focus in therapy was on discovering prototypes (early memories) called old remembrances that determine adult styles of life
Adler outlined four styles of life:
Ruling Type: desire for control
Getting Type: dependent on others
Avoiding Type: avoidant and isolated
Socially Useful Type: self-control and social interest

26. The Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler
Social Interest
Social interest develops in childhood and is influenced by the interaction with the mother
Adler referred to the superiority complex to describe persons having more interest in personal goals than in social interest, and overcompensating for feelings of inferiority
Research has reported low intercorrelations among measures of social interest

27. The Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler
Birth Order
Adler supported a link between birth order and personality and outlined several types:
Only children are pampered and lack social interest
First-born children are conservative and obedient
Second-born children are best adjusted

28. The Neo-Freudians: Karen Horney
The Importance of Culture and Social Interactions
Horney believed that cultural factors influence personality and individual differences
Horney identified three contradictions for all people:
Success vs. Love
Idealism vs. Frustration
Independence vs. Situational constraints

29. The Neo-Freudians: Karen Horney
Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility
Horney asserted that behavior is directed by basic anxiety (helplessness, fear of abandonment)
Horney asserted that children develop basic hostility as a result of parental neglect
Horney suggested that a basic conflict arises from contradictions and is central to neurosis

30. The Neo-Freudians: Karen Horney
Moving Toward, Against, and Away From People
For Horney, neurosis stems from opposing desires to move toward, against, and away from others which she called attitudes
The Neurotic Needs
Horney outlined ten neurotic needs that reflect personal maladjustment in moving toward, against, and away from people

31. The Neo-Freudians: Karen Horney

32. Psychodynamic Assessment Techniques
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Rorschach Inkblot Test consists of color and back-and-white inkblots of ambiguous stimuli
A participant is presented with 10 inkblots and required to state what is seen in each stimulus
Personality is thus projected onto the inkblot

33. Thank You