1. Canada Before World War One

2. Pop Quiz When was Canada formed/created? When was Canada formed/created? Answer: 1867 What’s the name of the Act that created the Dominion of Canada? What’s the name of the Act that created the Dominion of Canada? Answer: The British North America Act

3. Which 4 provinces were created through the BNA Act? Which 4 provinces were created through the BNA Act? The British North America (BNA) Act Answer: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Why did Canada form? Answer: 3 main reasons were a threat from the US (annexation), changing British attitudes and political deadlock

5. John A Macdonald Canada’s first Prime Minister? Canada’s first Prime Minister? Macdonald's tenure in office spanned 19 years Macdonald's tenure in office spanned 19 years Second longest serving PM Second longest serving PM He is the only Canadian PM He is the only Canadian PM to win six majority governments. to win six majority governments.majority governmentsmajority governments He was a Conservative/Tory He was a Conservative/Tory

6. Wilfred Laurier Liberal Liberal became Prime Minister in 1896 became Prime Minister in 1896 Canada’s first francophone Prime Minister Canada’s first francophone Prime Minister July 11, 1896 – October 5, 1911 July 11, 1896 – October 5, 1911 July 111896October 51911 July 111896October 51911

7. New Provinces 1905: Autonomy Act created provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan 1905: Autonomy Act created provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan Alberta Saskatchewan

9. Canada at the Turn of the Century: Society English and French tension English and French tension Lord Durham Report: Lord Durham Report: “ two nations warring in the bosom of a single state" Laurier tried to bridge the tension. Laurier tried to bridge the tension. His compromises disappointed both sides His compromises disappointed both sides

10. French-English Relations: Laurier’s Compromises Manitoba Schools Dispute, 1890-1896:Manitoba Schools Dispute, 1890-1896: when Manitoba entered Confederation, French- speaking Catholics were guaranteed bilingualism and Catholic schoolswhen Manitoba entered Confederation, French- speaking Catholics were guaranteed bilingualism and Catholic schools however, the Manitoba School Act of 1890 made English the official language and did not give any money to the Catholic schoolshowever, the Manitoba School Act of 1890 made English the official language and did not give any money to the Catholic schools Laurier, concerned with the reactions from people of Quebec, introduced a compromise; the public schools would provide a French-speaking teacher if there were more than 10 French-speaking students, and religious instruction would take place at the end of the school dayLaurier, concerned with the reactions from people of Quebec, introduced a compromise; the public schools would provide a French-speaking teacher if there were more than 10 French-speaking students, and religious instruction would take place at the end of the school day this dispute could be considered to mark the beginning of modern French/ English tensions in Canadathis dispute could be considered to mark the beginning of modern French/ English tensions in Canada

11. French-English Relations: Laurier’s Compromises Cont. Boer War, 1899-1902:Boer War, 1899-1902: the Boer War was fought in South Africa between Britain and the “Boers” (Dutch descendents)the Boer War was fought in South Africa between Britain and the “Boers” (Dutch descendents) Britain wanted Canada to send troopsBritain wanted Canada to send troops English Canadians, feeling loyal to Britain, wanted to go (imperialists)English Canadians, feeling loyal to Britain, wanted to go (imperialists) French Canadians felt they should not have to fight a war which did not involve them as CanadiansFrench Canadians felt they should not have to fight a war which did not involve them as Canadians Laurier sent a volunteer army, which French Canadians considered doing too much and English Canadians considered doing too littleLaurier sent a volunteer army, which French Canadians considered doing too much and English Canadians considered doing too little Henri Bourassa resigned from Laurier’s cabinet in responseHenri Bourassa resigned from Laurier’s cabinet in response between 7 000 and 8 000 soldiers and 16 nurses served in the war, and between 200 and 300 soldiers were killedbetween 7 000 and 8 000 soldiers and 16 nurses served in the war, and between 200 and 300 soldiers were killed

12. French-English Relations: Laurier’s Compromises Cont. Naval Crisis, 1910Naval Crisis, 1910 an arms race was quickly building between Britain and Germany, who was challenging Britain’s naval superiority – Britain asked Canada to build and give them naval shipsan arms race was quickly building between Britain and Germany, who was challenging Britain’s naval superiority – Britain asked Canada to build and give them naval ships with English-Canadians supporting it, and French-Canadians against it, Laurier decided that Canada would build its own navy, which would serve Britain if they did end up going to warwith English-Canadians supporting it, and French-Canadians against it, Laurier decided that Canada would build its own navy, which would serve Britain if they did end up going to war those loyal to Britain did not feel that it was enough, while French Canadians felt it was giving them too muchthose loyal to Britain did not feel that it was enough, while French Canadians felt it was giving them too much it results in Canada’s first Navy (nicknamed the “Tin-Pot Navy” by those who felt it was not enough)it results in Canada’s first Navy (nicknamed the “Tin-Pot Navy” by those who felt it was not enough)

13. Alaska Boundary Dispute in 1898, the Canadian government created the Yukon Territory with the goal of asserting Canada’s sovereignty in light of the Klondike Gold Rush, thus renewing the long- standing dispute between Canada and the United States regarding the boundary of Alaskain 1898, the Canadian government created the Yukon Territory with the goal of asserting Canada’s sovereignty in light of the Klondike Gold Rush, thus renewing the long- standing dispute between Canada and the United States regarding the boundary of Alaska

14. Alaska Boundary Dispute Cont. Canada wanted to ensure access to the Pacific Ocean, while the United States wanted to claim all access to the oceanCanada wanted to ensure access to the Pacific Ocean, while the United States wanted to claim all access to the ocean because Canada was still a British colony, a British judge negotiated on behalf of Canada alongside two Canadian lawyers. In negotiations, the British negotiator sided with the Americans, which caused Canada to lose several key inlets, and with them access to the Pacificbecause Canada was still a British colony, a British judge negotiated on behalf of Canada alongside two Canadian lawyers. In negotiations, the British negotiator sided with the Americans, which caused Canada to lose several key inlets, and with them access to the Pacific the Canadian lawyers refused to sign the agreementthe Canadian lawyers refused to sign the agreement this incident highlighted how little control Canada had over its foreign affairsthis incident highlighted how little control Canada had over its foreign affairs

15. Canada at the Turn of the Century: Manitoba Schools Question English and French tension English and French tension Involved publicly funded separate schools for French and English Involved publicly funded separate schools for French and Englishseparate schoolsseparate schools Deeper question of whether French would survive as a language or a culture in Western Canada. Deeper question of whether French would survive as a language or a culture in Western Canada. Laurier developed a compromise. Allowing Catholic education (in French) would be permitted in public schools Laurier developed a compromise. Allowing Catholic education (in French) would be permitted in public schools

16. Canada at the Turn of the Century: Society Where did most Canadians live? Where did most Canadians live? Answer: On Farms (Rural) Standards for morals/manners were set by the minority of English-Canadian middle and upper class. Standards for morals/manners were set by the minority of English-Canadian middle and upper class. Middle and upper class were influenced by Victorian England. Middle and upper class were influenced by Victorian England.

17. Canada at the Turn of the Century: Victorian Society Known for appearance of ‘moral strictness.’ Known for appearance of ‘moral strictness.’ Families expected to attend Families expected to attend church regularly; they supported Britain/monarchy, and believed in honor, virtue, and duty.

18. Canada at the Turn of the Century: Victorian Society Extremely strong ties to Britain Extremely strong ties to Britain Most immigrants had Most immigrants had come from Britain (loyalists) Britain was responsible Britain was responsible Canada’s foreign affairs The Red Ensign (1870 to 1904)

19. Montreal and Toronto were the two most industrialized cities in Canada. Montreal and Toronto were the two most industrialized cities in Canada. Overcrowding, homelessness, Overcrowding, homelessness, pollution and a lack of public infrastructure (sewage/garbage). Canada at the Turn of the Century: Industrial City

20. Urbanization Canada’s urban population began to grow as more people migrated to the cities due to:Canada’s urban population began to grow as more people migrated to the cities due to: industrialization – demand for workers in the citiesindustrialization – demand for workers in the cities need for service workers in the townsneed for service workers in the towns less manpower needed to farm as a result of new machinesless manpower needed to farm as a result of new machines people were attracted to the social and cultural aspect of city life compared to life in rural Canadapeople were attracted to the social and cultural aspect of city life compared to life in rural Canada growth of the middle classgrowth of the middle class

21. Harsh working conditions Harsh working conditions Average labourer spent hrs/day working. Average labourer spent hrs/day working. Average labourer worked days/week. Average labourer worked days/week. Dirty, unsafe and Dirty, unsafe and industrial accidents were common Canada at the Turn of the Century: Working Conditions 10/12 6

22. Canada at the Turn of the Century: Women Women were not considered Women were not considered persons under the law-unless they committed a crime. A woman’s salary was considered A woman’s salary was considered to be property of her husband ( this was legal) For women who did work outside the home, they worked mainly in factories or as domestic servants. For women who did work outside the home, they worked mainly in factories or as domestic servants.

23. Canada at the Turn of the Century: Suffragist Only property-owning white men could vote at this time Only property-owning white men could vote at this time Suffragists - women who Suffragists - women who organized to fight for the right to vote.

24. Canada at the Turn of the Century: Suffragist Movement Wanted to influence government for change to social problems such as working conditions, child labour, pollution, and poverty. Wanted to influence government for change to social problems such as working conditions, child labour, pollution, and poverty. Saw alcohol as a “vice” Saw alcohol as a “vice” and wanted to outlaw the sale of alcohol “prohibition”

25. Immigration immigration: the movement of peoples into a country (emigration is the movement of peoples out of a countryimmigration: the movement of peoples into a country (emigration is the movement of peoples out of a country Open-Door Policy: the 1872 Dominion Lands Act sought to entice immigrants to CanadaOpen-Door Policy: the 1872 Dominion Lands Act sought to entice immigrants to Canada promise of free landpromise of free land freedom from religious persecutionfreedom from religious persecution the Home Children programme (orphan or immigrant children were placed in Canadian homes) was part of this policy as wellthe Home Children programme (orphan or immigrant children were placed in Canadian homes) was part of this policy as well

26. Why Immigrate? pull factors (lured immigrants to Canada): pull factors (lured immigrants to Canada): Canada was a democratic nation (many immigrants were coming from non-democratic countries) which meant freedom from religious persecutionCanada was a democratic nation (many immigrants were coming from non-democratic countries) which meant freedom from religious persecution promise of free land in Western Canadapromise of free land in Western Canada immigration agents were stationed in foreign countries in order to recruit immigrantsimmigration agents were stationed in foreign countries in order to recruit immigrants push factors (forced immigrants to leave their countries): push factors (forced immigrants to leave their countries): many people faced religious persecution in their home countriesmany people faced religious persecution in their home countries poor economic conditions meant that it was very difficult for people to make a living or to get ahead in lifepoor economic conditions meant that it was very difficult for people to make a living or to get ahead in life shortage of land (in contrast to Canada’s abundant free land)shortage of land (in contrast to Canada’s abundant free land) limited work in Europelimited work in Europe

27. Canada at the Turn of the 20 th Century: Discrimination White majority was White majority was generally not under- generally not under- standing or sympathetic to minorities Chinese Head Tax Chinese immigrants were charged $100 (1900) to discourage immigration

28. Discrimination discrimination: because of the increased immigration, Canada was quickly becoming a multicultural nation discrimination: because of the increased immigration, Canada was quickly becoming a multicultural nation however, many ethnocentric English Canadians thought that their culture/race was superior to other cultures/races, resulting in discrimination against certain immigrants however, many ethnocentric English Canadians thought that their culture/race was superior to other cultures/races, resulting in discrimination against certain immigrants

29. Racist Immigration Policies Chinese Head Tax: the Canadian government used Chinese labour to build the national railway during the latter half of the nineteenth century Chinese Head Tax: the Canadian government used Chinese labour to build the national railway during the latter half of the nineteenth century once the railway was completed (1885), the governments made all Chinese immigrants pay a $50 head tax to enter the country in order to deter Chinese immigration, increasing it to $500 per person by 1903 once the railway was completed (1885), the governments made all Chinese immigrants pay a $50 head tax to enter the country in order to deter Chinese immigration, increasing it to $500 per person by 1903

30. Racist Immigration Policies Cont. Chinese Exclusion Act: the Head Tax did not stop Chinese immigration, so in 1923, Parliament passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prevented Chinese immigrants from entering Canada Chinese Exclusion Act: the Head Tax did not stop Chinese immigration, so in 1923, Parliament passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prevented Chinese immigrants from entering Canada the act was not repealed until 1947 the act was not repealed until 1947

31. Racist Immigration Policies Cont. Continuous Passage: in 1908, the Canadian government passed the Bill of Direct PassageContinuous Passage: in 1908, the Canadian government passed the Bill of Direct Passage immigrants must be able to reach Canada via an uninterrupted – or continuous – journey from their country of originimmigrants must be able to reach Canada via an uninterrupted – or continuous – journey from their country of origin because immigrants from India and Japan could not arrive in Canada without having stopped along the way, the Canadian government could then legally deny them entry to the countrybecause immigrants from India and Japan could not arrive in Canada without having stopped along the way, the Canadian government could then legally deny them entry to the country India was a British colony (part of the Commonwealth), which meant that Canada would have to let Indians immigrateIndia was a British colony (part of the Commonwealth), which meant that Canada would have to let Indians immigrate continuous passage legislation allowed Canada sneakily to deny British citizens entry into a Commonwealth countrycontinuous passage legislation allowed Canada sneakily to deny British citizens entry into a Commonwealth country 1914 – Komagatu Maru incident – Continuous Journey legislation – Sikhs prohibited from immigrating to Canada

32. Komagata Maru Komagata Maru: in the summer of 1914, a ship carrying 376 Sikh immigrants arrived in Vancouver, and was turned away by officials citing the “continuous passage” legislation Komagata Maru: in the summer of 1914, a ship carrying 376 Sikh immigrants arrived in Vancouver, and was turned away by officials citing the “continuous passage” legislation the ship waited off the coast of British Columbia for roughly two months before being forced to return to India (via Japan) with all 376 passengers still on board the ship waited off the coast of British Columbia for roughly two months before being forced to return to India (via Japan) with all 376 passengers still on board

33. Causes of WWI

34. Militarism The belief that by building the strength of one’s army and navy, a country can prevent war.The belief that by building the strength of one’s army and navy, a country can prevent war. This led to an ARMS RACE during the late-nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, European countries continued to greatly expand their armies and naviesduring the late-nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, European countries continued to greatly expand their armies and navies for example, France and Germany doubled their armies between 1870 and 1914for example, France and Germany doubled their armies between 1870 and 1914 Britain wanted to have a navy two-and-a-half times the size of any other navy in case of warBritain wanted to have a navy two-and-a-half times the size of any other navy in case of war In response, Germany also greatly increased its navies there was an arms race between Britain and Germanythere was an arms race between Britain and Germany

35. Arms Race Sand Sculpture Political Cartoon

36. Alliances Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia

37. Imperialism defined as the forced takeover of a country by a more powerful country, usually spurred on by the following factors with the intent of building an empire defined as the forced takeover of a country by a more powerful country, usually spurred on by the following factors with the intent of building an empire “The sun never sets on the British Empire” (pink territory)

38. Causes of Imperialism the desire to exploit (take advantage of) natural resourcesthe desire to exploit (take advantage of) natural resources competition for territory between European nationscompetition for territory between European nations ethnocentricity (the belief that one’s culture or ethnicity is superior to other cultures or ethnicities)ethnocentricity (the belief that one’s culture or ethnicity is superior to other cultures or ethnicities) “White Man’s Burden” (the duty of whites to uplift other cultures/races – to civilizes the “savages”)“White Man’s Burden” (the duty of whites to uplift other cultures/races – to civilizes the “savages”) the need for foreign markets for European goodsthe need for foreign markets for European goods

39. Imperialism: Boer War Boer War: between 1899 and 1902, the Afrikaner Republics of South Africa (the Transvaal and the Orange Free State) fought a war with Britain over the control of South AfricaBoer War: between 1899 and 1902, the Afrikaner Republics of South Africa (the Transvaal and the Orange Free State) fought a war with Britain over the control of South Africa English-Canadian imperialists supported the warEnglish-Canadian imperialists supported the war many French Canadians opposed the warmany French Canadians opposed the war created tension between French and English Canadianscreated tension between French and English Canadians Laurier wanted to maintain national stability and political popularity but the pressure from the British Empire was very strongLaurier wanted to maintain national stability and political popularity but the pressure from the British Empire was very strong Laurier compromised by sending a volunteer battalionLaurier compromised by sending a volunteer battalion

40. Boer War: Canadian Soldiers

41. Nationalism nationalism – the idea that a group of people who share a similar history, religion, or culture constitute an autonomous nation, ornationalism – the idea that a group of people who share a similar history, religion, or culture constitute an autonomous nation, or to have pride in one’s nationto have pride in one’s nation for example, during the 1910s, Serbian nationalists wanted independence from the Austro-Hungarian empirefor example, during the 1910s, Serbian nationalists wanted independence from the Austro-Hungarian empire the Serbians, who shared a similar history, religion, and culture, wanted to create an independent Serbian nationthe Serbians, who shared a similar history, religion, and culture, wanted to create an independent Serbian nation 1914: Serbian nationalist group the Black Hand assassinated Gavrilo Princip, archduke of Austria-Hungary, in Sarajevo, Bosnia in order to draw attention to Serbian independence