1. Quantification of uncertainty associated with United States high resolution fossil fuel CO 2 emissions: updates, challenges and future plans Kevin Gurney, Vandhana Chandrasekaran*, Daniel Mendoza*, Sarath Geethakumar Arizona State University *Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Purdue University With thanks to current collaborators/funders: Yuyu Zhou, Daniel Mendoza, Vandhana Chandrasekaran, Sarath Geethakumar, Igor Razlivanov, Bedrich Benes, Nathan Andrysco, Chris Miller, Kathy Corbin, Scott Denning, Marc Fischer, Stephane de la Rue du Can, Simon Ilyushchenko, Paul Shepson, Advait Godbole, Knauf Insulation, Showalter Trust, NASA, NSF CAREER, NIST, CO2FFEE group, INFLUX group, PCCRC, Rose Filley, ……. See poster by Mendoza & Gurney

2. Vulcan Gurney et al., Env. Sci & Tech, 2009 Version 2.0 now available (please use latest documentation) www.purdue.edu/eas/carbon/vulcan

3. Multiple datastreams transformed to CO 2 Vulcan is a “data product” – it uses mostly “regulatory data”

4. Estimation process 3 fundamental processes 1.CO 2 direct (95% of electricity production emit) Bias and uncertainty on CEMs! 2.CO to fuel to CO 2 (Res, Comm, Ind, airport) (g is CO, f is fuel, n is process) 3.VMT/fuel efficiency to CO 2 (onroad, nonroad)

5. Uncertainty – our approach CO emission factor range from databases reported CO2 (power plants: Ackerman & Sundquist, 2008)* carbon content by fuel from DOE data heat content by fuel from DOE data VMT uncertainty from FHWA Fleet age distribution variation from sample data Clinker production & EF In the form of “sensitivity” – hi and lo SD reported CO emission value* Vehicular fuel efficiency (SE & SD) Nonroad uncertainties (3%) No spatial (impact to area sources, transportation) No temporal (impact res, comm, ind) Not yet incorporated Not considered reported fuel type reported timeframe reported device omission errors

6. National-level 2002 Vulcan / DOE comparison (MtC/year) DOE/EIA -- “Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States” [2009]. Data sources are ~90% independent Fugitive and bunker represent ~3% Vulcan greater than DOE/EIA in onroad primarily

7. Context for this level of uncertainty 10% uncertainty is ~160 MtC/year (0.16 GtC/yr) 1.8 X proposed 7% Kyoto target for the US 1.5 X 2007 Australia fossil fuel CO2 emissions ~ entire bottom-up estimated US forest sink ~ entire 2007 UK fossil fuel CO2 emissions

8. What sectors, error sources dominate? Sectors Error sources

9. What sector responsible for EF uncertainty?

10. Uncertainty at county/annual level

11. Cumulative weighted uncertainty

12. Evaluation THE TOP TEN (19% of ERROR!) 1.Cuyahoga, OH (Cleveland)……... ±50% 2.Harris, TX (Houston) ……………. ±35% 3.Porter, IN (steel industry)……….. ±40% 4.Los Angeles, CA (LA)……………. ±15% 5.Hennepin, MN (Minneapolis) 6.Hutchinson, TX (oil/gas industry) 7.Monterey, CA 8.Cook, IL (Chicago) 9.San Diego, CA (commercial) 10.Wayne, MI (Detroit) Indianapolis (INFLUX/Hestia fame) is 87 th

13. Challenges & next steps: Still not a complete uncertainty assessment 1.Incoming CO emissions uncertainty 2.Variations in fuel efficiency (estimate of the mean; driving patterns, start/stop, etc) 3.Powerplant by powerplant examination (CEMs v fuel stats) Spatial analysis of uncertainty (at 10 km scale) Monte Carlo approach

14. Conclusions: Central estimate is consistent with DOE fuel (within 2%) National-level uncertainty: ~10%. Average county uncertainty: ~ ±8% (will likely increase) Driven by VMT uncertainty, Industrial CO EF & CO2 EF, Electricity Production fuel stat/CEMs uncertainty County distribution of error is highly lognormal ~20% of uncertainty in 10 counties (cities and large industrial concentrations), 50% in top 5% of counties How can we really progress? 1.Measure atmosphere – of course 2.Improve the measurements of fuel, driving, CEMs Concrete suggestion: bring science to 5% of large powerplants and industrial point sources!!

15. Thank you

16. Hestia flythrough……. Click here for link to movie (135 M) Click here Thanks to Bedrich Benes & Yuyu Zhou

17. Evaluation: EIA SEDS

18. EIA “consumption”