2. Chapter 8 Sections 3+4 Chapter 8 Sections 3+4

3. Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

4. The Changing American Labor Force

5. Child Labor

7. “Galley Labor”

8. Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

9. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents

10. A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

11. Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

12. Knights of Labor Knights of Labor trade card

13. Goals of the Knights of Labor  Eight-hour workday.  Workers’ cooperatives.  Worker-owned factories.  Abolition of child and prison labor.  Increased circulation of greenbacks.  Equal pay for men and women.  Safety codes in the workplace.  Prohibition of contract foreign labor.  Abolition of the National Bank.

14. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

16. The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

17. Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in 1886

18. Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

19. Haymarket Martyrs

20. Governor John Peter Altgeld

21. The American Federation of Labor: 1886 Samuel Gompers

22. How the AF of L Would Help the Workers  Catered to the skilled worker.  Represented workers in matters of national legislation.  Maintained a national strike fund.  Evangelized the cause of unionism.  Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.  Mediated disputes between management and labor.  Pushed for closed shops.

23. Homestead Steel Strike (1892) The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers Homestead Steel Works

24. Big Corporate Profits!

25. Attempted Assassination! Henry Clay Frick Alexander Berkman

26. Homestead Strike Henry Clay Fick, the chairman of Carnegie Steel, responded to the Homestead Strike by calling in guards from the Pinkerton National Detective Agency to protect the plant and the workers hired to replace the strikers. (Scabs)Henry Clay Fick, the chairman of Carnegie Steel, responded to the Homestead Strike by calling in guards from the Pinkerton National Detective Agency to protect the plant and the workers hired to replace the strikers. (Scabs)

27. Union Leadership: The Steel Workers’ UnionUnion Leadership: The Steel Workers’ Union Role of state or federal government: The governor of Pennsylvania called in the state militia to put down the strike.Role of state or federal government: The governor of Pennsylvania called in the state militia to put down the strike. Outcome: The strike ended, and the union was broken when workers accepted a cut in wages. The steel industry was not unionized until the 1930s.Outcome: The strike ended, and the union was broken when workers accepted a cut in wages. The steel industry was not unionized until the 1930s.

28. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  Pinkertons  lockout  blacklisting  yellow-dog contracts  Collective Bargaining  informational picketing  organized strikes

29. A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL

30. Pullman Strike 1894 George Pullman was the inventor and manufacturer of the Pullman sleeping car for comfortable railway travel.George Pullman was the inventor and manufacturer of the Pullman sleeping car for comfortable railway travel. Conditions: George Pullman cut wages by 25 percent, but did not make corresponding reductions in the rent and food costs charged to workers living in his company town.Conditions: George Pullman cut wages by 25 percent, but did not make corresponding reductions in the rent and food costs charged to workers living in his company town. Tactics used by both sides: The union picketed and instigated a national boycott of all Pullman railway cars. Pullman obtained a federal injunction to end the strike.Tactics used by both sides: The union picketed and instigated a national boycott of all Pullman railway cars. Pullman obtained a federal injunction to end the strike.

31. Union leadership: Eugene V. Debs was the president of the American Railway Union.Union leadership: Eugene V. Debs was the president of the American Railway Union. Role of state or federal government: President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops to end the strike and arrest union leaders.Role of state or federal government: President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops to end the strike and arrest union leaders. Outcome: The union was broken. The Supreme Court upheld Cleveland’s actions on the grounds that the union had obstructed interstate commerce and interfered with delivery of the mail.Outcome: The union was broken. The Supreme Court upheld Cleveland’s actions on the grounds that the union had obstructed interstate commerce and interfered with delivery of the mail.

32. Pullman Cars A Pullman porter

33. The Pullman Strike of 1894

34. President Grover Cleveland If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

35. The Pullman Strike of 1894 Government by injunction!

36. The Socialists Eugene V. Debs

37. International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

38. “Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW M Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

39. I W W & the Internationale

40. The Hand That Will Rule the World  One Big Union

41. Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel” M Mary Harris. M Organizer for the United Mine Workers. M Founded the Social Democratic Party in 1898. M One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

42. The “Bread & Roses” Strike DEMANDS:  15¢/hr. wage increase.  Double pay for overtime.  No discrimination against strikers.  An end to “speed-up” on the assembly line.  An end to discrimination against foreign immigrant workers.

43. Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

44. Lawrence Strike (1912) Conditions: Low wages were the central issue.Conditions: Low wages were the central issue. Tactics used by both sides: The union promoted socialism. The company hired strikebreakers and asked the governor of Massachusetts for assistance.Tactics used by both sides: The union promoted socialism. The company hired strikebreakers and asked the governor of Massachusetts for assistance. Union leadership: The Industrial Workers at the World (IWW) were led by Joseph Ettor, “Big Bill” Haywood, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.Union leadership: The Industrial Workers at the World (IWW) were led by Joseph Ettor, “Big Bill” Haywood, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.

45. Role of state or federal government: The governor called in the state militia to maintain order and protect the strikebreakers.Role of state or federal government: The governor called in the state militia to maintain order and protect the strikebreakers. Outcome: The strike was settled, and workers received a pay raise. Amnesty was granted to the strikers.Outcome: The strike was settled, and workers received a pay raise. Amnesty was granted to the strikers.

46. Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

47. The “Formula” unions + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants = anarchists

48. Labor Union Membership

49. “Solidarity Forever!” by Ralph Chapin (1915) When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, But the union makes us strong! CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

50. Come On and Sing Along!!

51. “Solidarity Forever!” Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite, Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might? Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight? For the union makes us strong! CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

52. “Solidarity Forever!” Through our sisters and our brothers we can make our union strong, For respect and equal value, we have done without too long. We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs, Yes, the union makes us strong! * * * * Through our sisters and our brothers we can make our union strong, For respect and equal value, we have done without too long. We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs, Yes, the union makes us strong! CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

53. Workers Benefits Today

54. The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

55. Right-to-Work States Today

56. The Grange Movement The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also simply styled the Grange, is a fraternal organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political good. Founded in 1867 after the Civil War, it is the oldest surviving agricultural organization in America, though now much diminished from the over one million members it had in its peak in the 1890s through the 1950s.The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also simply styled the Grange, is a fraternal organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political good. Founded in 1867 after the Civil War, it is the oldest surviving agricultural organization in America, though now much diminished from the over one million members it had in its peak in the 1890s through the 1950s.

57. In addition to serving as a center for many farming communities, the Grange was an effective special interest group for farmers and their agendas, including fighting railroad monopolies and pushing for rural mail deliveries.In addition to serving as a center for many farming communities, the Grange was an effective special interest group for farmers and their agendas, including fighting railroad monopolies and pushing for rural mail deliveries.

58. Supreme Court Decisions Companies facing regulation under the so-called Granger laws challenged the laws in court. In the landmark case of Munn v. Illinois (1877), the Supreme Court decided that a state could set maximum rates for the storage of grain.Companies facing regulation under the so-called Granger laws challenged the laws in court. In the landmark case of Munn v. Illinois (1877), the Supreme Court decided that a state could set maximum rates for the storage of grain.

59. But the Supreme Court reversed itself in 1886 in the case of Wabash, St Louis, and Pacific Railway v. Illinois by declaring that railroad rates set by state laws interfered with Congress’s exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce.But the Supreme Court reversed itself in 1886 in the case of Wabash, St Louis, and Pacific Railway v. Illinois by declaring that railroad rates set by state laws interfered with Congress’s exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce.

60. Problems experienced by small farmers Farmers were at the mercy of banks, merchants, and the railroads. Farmers also lacked the capital to purchase expensive farm machinery and equipment. Additional expenses included shipping and storing their crops. While farm production tripled in the last three decades of the 19th century, prices that farmers received fell by about 75 percent. Falling prices and rising costs increased farmers’ debts and led to numerous bank foreclosures in which farmers lost their lands.Farmers were at the mercy of banks, merchants, and the railroads. Farmers also lacked the capital to purchase expensive farm machinery and equipment. Additional expenses included shipping and storing their crops. While farm production tripled in the last three decades of the 19th century, prices that farmers received fell by about 75 percent. Falling prices and rising costs increased farmers’ debts and led to numerous bank foreclosures in which farmers lost their lands.

61. The Populists The Populists tried to help farmers by supporting the free coinage of silver. This policy was designed to induce inflation, raise farm prices, and provide relief for debt-ridden farmers. (Inflation traditionally benefits debtors like farmers, because the value of money repaid is worth less than when money was borrowed.) The Populists hoped to realize their inflationary plans by supporting William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic candidate for president.The Populists tried to help farmers by supporting the free coinage of silver. This policy was designed to induce inflation, raise farm prices, and provide relief for debt-ridden farmers. (Inflation traditionally benefits debtors like farmers, because the value of money repaid is worth less than when money was borrowed.) The Populists hoped to realize their inflationary plans by supporting William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic candidate for president.

62. Unfortunately for the farmers and the Populists, Bryan was defeated. Although the Populists were unable to accomplish much for the farmers, they paved the way for the Progressive movement, which followed them. Theodore Roosevelt, a popular Progressive president, helped farmers by cracking down on railroads’ abuses and strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission.Unfortunately for the farmers and the Populists, Bryan was defeated. Although the Populists were unable to accomplish much for the farmers, they paved the way for the Progressive movement, which followed them. Theodore Roosevelt, a popular Progressive president, helped farmers by cracking down on railroads’ abuses and strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission.