1. History of doping in athletics
University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Tîrgu Mures, Faculty of Pharmacy
History of doping in athletics
First author: Vlad Robert-Alexandru,
Second author: Popescu Gabriel Cosmin
Coordinator: Lecturer Hancu Gabriel, PhD

2. What does doping mean?
Definition: “the use of a substance not normally present in the body or of any physiological agent when introduced in: - abnormal additional quantities; - abnormal route; - abnormal manner; Purpose: increasing the performance of that individual during the period of competition” (first definition of doping adopted in 1963 by the Council of Europe Committee for Out-of-School Education)

3. Athletics – King of sports Track and field

4. http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping -
Other definitions for
Doping - the occurrence of the following anti-doping rule violations: - presence of prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete’s sample; - use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or prohibited method; - refusal to submit to sample collection after notification as authorised in applicable anti-doping rules, or otherwise evade sample collection; - tampering with any part of doping control; - possession of a prohibited substance or prohibited method; - trafficking any prohibited substance or prohibited method; -
UPDATED 05 SEPTEMBER 2013

5. Short history of doping
Doping in modern sports
Ancient History
Doping was reported since the second half of the 19th Century.
St. Louis marathon, Tom Hicks collapsed, the Doctors proved strychnine and cognac intake before the race.
International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) became - 1st International Sport Federation to ban doping in track and field events.
1960s - Drug testing programs have been implemented
runner Dick Howard (heroin overdose) died.
Greece – enhancing the performance using drugs necessary;
Use of mushrooms;
Roman Empire: feeding horses with various mixtures to make them run faster.
APRIL 2014

6. The anti-doping initiatives
The 1st anti-doping legislation -> France -1963;
National and international authorities implemented anti-doping initiatives throughout the late 1960s and 1970s;
In the 1970s, parallel to anabolic steroids use, the blood doping became quite popular;
• 1983 introduction of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry allowed a more effective drug testing;
The IOC banned blood doping as a prohibited method in 1986.
November 10th (WADA)
Erythropoietin (EPO) - banned by the IOC in A detection test was applied for the first time at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000.
APRIL 2014

7. Prohibited substances
S0. NON-APPROVED SUBSTANCES
Drugs withdrawn from the market: Sibutramine
Designer substances: Tetrahydrogestrinone
Drugs used in veterinary medicinal products
S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS
a. Exogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) : 1-androstenediol, gestrinone.
b. Endogenous AAS when administered exogenously: dihydrotestosterone, testosterone
c. Other Anabolic Agents: tibolone, zeranol, zilpaterol.
S2. PEPTIDE HORMONES, GROWTH FACTORS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents:
Erythropoietin,
darbepoetin
Chorionic Gonadotrophin (CG) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in males;
Corticotrophins ,
Growth Hormone,
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 ,
S3. BETA-2 AGONISTS
Salbutamol– 1600 μg /24h
Formoterol- 54 μg/24h
Clenbuterol
S4. HORMONE AND METABOLIC MODULATORS
Aromatase inhibitors :
Aminoglutethimide,
testolactone
Metabolic modulators: Insulins,
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor
S5. DIURETICS AND OTHER MASKING AGENTS
Masking agents: Diuretics, plasma expanders : glycerol
Diuretics: Acetazolamide, furosemide, indapamide

8. Prohibited substances
S6. STIMULANTS
a: Non-Specified Stimulants: amfepramone, norfenfluramine
b: Specified Stimulants: Adrenaline , ephedrine , pseudoephedrine
S7. NARCOTICS
Buprenorphine, dextromoramide, fentanyl ;
methadone, morphine, oxycodone;
S8. CANNABINOIDS
Natural : cannabis, hashish, marijuana
Synthetic: tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabimimetics
S9. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS
Cortisone,hydrocortisone
Prednisone, methylprednisolone
Ref.: - Prohibited list- updated on 14 FEB 2014

9. Prohibited methods M1. MANIPULATION OF BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS
The administration
of red blood cell products of any origin into the circulatory system.
Artificially enhancing the uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen
M2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION
Tampering in order to alter the integrity and validity of Samples collected during Doping Control
Intravenous infusions and/or injections of more than 50 mL per 6 hour period
M3. GENE DOPING
The transfer of polymers of nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogues
The use of normal or genetically modified cells.
- Prohibited list- updated on 14 FEB 2014

10. IAAF Historical Anti-Doping Statistics
Year
Doped athletes in and out of competition
2000
2910
2001
2915
2002
3018
2003
3393
2004
2998
2005
3404
2006
2914
2007
3277
2008
3497
2009
3680
2010
3706
2011
3704
2012
2814*
*figure not including In-Competition tests conducted during the Games of the XXX-th Olympiad, London ,
Ref.: -
Testing statistics - updated 10 FEBRUARY 2014

11. IAAF Historical Anti-Doping Statistics

12. Doping Controls at IAAF World Athletics Championships, by year
City
Year
Total tests
Blood tests
Positive
Helsinki
1983
214
Rome
1987
196 1
Tokyo
1991
216 2
Stuttgart
1993
218 4
Goteborg
1995
275
Athens
1997
378 5
Seville
1999
298
Edmonton
2001
440 50 9
Paris
2003
460 55
2005
885
507
Osaka
2007
1132
531
Berlin
2009
1190
656 3
Daegu
2011
2296
1856
Moscow
2013
2589
1919 7
Ref.: - Testing statistics - updated 10 FEBRUARY 2014

13. Numbers of doped athletes during World Athletic Championships

14. Romanian athletes caught on doping
ANDREI Natalia, SILAI Ileana - anabolic steroids – 8 months ban – 1979;
FIDATOV Elena – nandrolone – 2 year ban – ;
BOTEZAN Mihaela – chlorthalidon – 2 year ban, ;
POPESCU Liliana – EPO – 2 year ban, ;
ALESTAR Andrei – oxandrolone- 2 year ban, until 21 oct. 2014;
BÎRCĂ Roxana – methasterone – 2 year ban – until 3 sept. 2015;
CHIRIŢĂ Rodica – stanozolol – life ban – repeated offense;
DUMBRĂVEAN Corina – EPO - refusal/tampering – life ban – repeated offense;
MACOVEI Ilie Bogdan – hCG - 2 year ban – until 6 aug 2014;
MAXIM Simona– evasion – 4 year ban – 7 aug 2017;
VARGA Sebastian - metabolites of methandienone - 8 year ban – until 2 sep. 2017

15. World class athletes caught on doping
Ben Johnson – 1988
stanozolol
Katrin Krabbe – 1992
clenbuterol

16. World class athletes caught on doping
Marion Jones – 2006
EPO, THG (self – admitted)
Tim Montgomery – 2004
HGH (human growth hormone)
BALCO case
The Clear

17. World class athletes caught on doping
Tyson Gay
Asafa Powell – 2013
oxilofrine

18. Conclusions
The fight against doping continues, even though the profile agencies will be a step before the new molecules which increase the concentration capacity or their physical skills;
“Unfortunately” new molecules are discovered frequently;
90 % of the doping methods are well know, the only methods which could be a problem for antidoping agencies is gene doping which could represent a real challenge;
“ Be a sport, don’t take enhancing drugs, may the best athlete win! “

19. Snail-Before doping

20. Snail, after doping That snail is so damn good!!!
Catch me if you can, Usain!!