1. Macromolecules copyright cmassengale1

2. Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organic Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic molecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale2

3. Carbon (C) Carbon4 electrons Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds 4 Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or N Usually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane) Example:CH 4 (methane) copyright cmassengale3

4. Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Large organic molecules. POLYMERS Also called POLYMERS. MONOMERS Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples: Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale4

5. Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale5

6. Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale6

7. Carbohydrates 7

8. Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples: Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide copyright cmassengale8

9. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose copyright cmassengale9 glucose

10. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose) – Lactose (glucose+galactose) – Maltose (glucose+glucose) copyright cmassengale10 glucoseglucose

11. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) copyright cmassengale11 glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

12. Lipids copyright cmassengale12

13. Lipids not soluble in water General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solvents Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember:“stores the most energy” Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. Fats Examples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides copyright cmassengale13

14. Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale14

15. Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. copyright cmassengale15 H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

16. Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) copyright cmassengale16 O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

17. Proteins copyright cmassengale17

18. Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bonds polypeptides Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins: Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions copyright cmassengale18

19. Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale19

20. Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) copyright cmassengale20 aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

21. Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples: Two examples: copyright cmassengale21 Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

22. Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangement Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”. Call a “subunit”. copyright cmassengale22 Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

23. Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin) Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) copyright cmassengale23 subunits

24. Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale24

25. Nucleic acids Two types: Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesis Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale25

26. Nucleic acids Nucleotides include: Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale26

27. Nucleotide copyright cmassengale27 O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

28. DNA - double helix copyright cmassengale28 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA